electron/docs/tutorial/application-packaging.md

Application Packaging

To mitigate issues around long path names on Windows, slightly speed up require and conceal your source code from cursory inspection, you can choose to package your app into an asar archive with little changes to your source code.

Most users will get this feature for free, since it's supported out of the box by electron-packager, electron-forge, and electron-builder. If you are not using any of these tools, read on.

Generating asar Archives

An asar archive is a simple tar-like format that concatenates files into a single file. Electron can read arbitrary files from it without unpacking the whole file.

Steps to package your app into an asar archive:

1. Install the asar Utility

$ npm install -g asar

2. Package with asar pack

$ asar pack your-app app.asar

Using asar Archives

In Electron there are two sets of APIs: Node APIs provided by Node.js and Web APIs provided by Chromium. Both APIs support reading files from asar archives.

Node API

With special patches in Electron, Node APIs like fs.readFile and require treat asar archives as virtual directories, and the files in it as normal files in the filesystem.

For example, suppose we have an example.asar archive under /path/to:

$ asar list /path/to/example.asar
/app.js
/file.txt
/dir/module.js
/static/index.html
/static/main.css
/static/jquery.min.js

Read a file in the asar archive:

const fs = require('fs')
fs.readFileSync('/path/to/example.asar/file.txt')

List all files under the root of the archive:

const fs = require('fs')
fs.readdirSync('/path/to/example.asar')

Use a module from the archive:

require('/path/to/example.asar/dir/module.js')

You can also display a web page in an asar archive with BrowserWindow:

const { BrowserWindow } = require('electron')
const win = new BrowserWindow()

win.loadURL('file:///path/to/example.asar/static/index.html')

Web API

In a web page, files in an archive can be requested with the file: protocol. Like the Node API, asar archives are treated as directories.

For example, to get a file with $.get:

<script>
let $ = require('./jquery.min.js')
$.get('file:///path/to/example.asar/file.txt', (data) => {
  console.log(data)
})
</script>

Treating an asar Archive as a Normal File

For some cases like verifying the asar archive's checksum, we need to read the content of an asar archive as a file. For this purpose you can use the built-in original-fs module which provides original fs APIs without asar support:

const originalFs = require('original-fs')
originalFs.readFileSync('/path/to/example.asar')

You can also set process.noAsar to true to disable the support for asar in the fs module:

const fs = require('fs')
process.noAsar = true
fs.readFileSync('/path/to/example.asar')

Limitations of the Node API

Even though we tried hard to make asar archives in the Node API work like directories as much as possible, there are still limitations due to the low-level nature of the Node API.

Archives Are Read-only

The archives can not be modified so all Node APIs that can modify files will not work with asar archives.

Working Directory Can Not Be Set to Directories in Archive

Though asar archives are treated as directories, there are no actual directories in the filesystem, so you can never set the working directory to directories in asar archives. Passing them as the cwd option of some APIs will also cause errors.

Extra Unpacking on Some APIs

Most fs APIs can read a file or get a file's information from asar archives without unpacking, but for some APIs that rely on passing the real file path to underlying system calls, Electron will extract the needed file into a temporary file and pass the path of the temporary file to the APIs to make them work. This adds a little overhead for those APIs.

APIs that requires extra unpacking are:

• child_process.execFile
• child_process.execFileSync
• fs.open
• fs.openSync
• process.dlopen - Used by require on native modules

Fake Stat Information of fs.stat

The Stats object returned by fs.stat and its friends on files in asar archives is generated by guessing, because those files do not exist on the filesystem. So you should not trust the Stats object except for getting file size and checking file type.

Executing Binaries Inside asar Archive

There are Node APIs that can execute binaries like child_process.exec, child_process.spawn and child_process.execFile, but only execFile is supported to execute binaries inside asar archive.

This is because exec and spawn accept command instead of file as input, and commands are executed under shell. There is no reliable way to determine whether a command uses a file in asar archive, and even if we do, we can not be sure whether we can replace the path in command without side effects.

Adding Unpacked Files to asar Archives

As stated above, some Node APIs will unpack the file to the filesystem when called. Apart from the performance issues, various anti-virus scanners might be triggered by this behavior.

As a workaround, you can leave various files unpacked using the --unpack option. In the following example, shared libraries of native Node.js modules will not be packed:

$ asar pack app app.asar --unpack *.node

After running the command, you will notice that a folder named app.asar.unpacked was created together with the app.asar file. It contains the unpacked files and should be shipped together with the app.asar archive.