276 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
276 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: 'Using Preload Scripts'
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description: 'This guide will step you through the process of creating a barebones Hello World app in Electron, similar to electron/electron-quick-start.'
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slug: tutorial-preload
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hide_title: false
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---
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:::info Follow along the tutorial
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This is **part 3** of the Electron tutorial.
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1. [Prerequisites][prerequisites]
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1. [Building your First App][building your first app]
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1. **[Using Preload Scripts][preload]**
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1. [Adding Features][features]
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1. [Packaging Your Application][packaging]
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1. [Publishing and Updating][updates]
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:::
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## Learning goals
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In this part of the tutorial, you will learn what a preload script is and how to use one
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to securely expose privileged APIs into the renderer process. You will also learn how to
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communicate between main and renderer processes with Electron's inter-process
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communication (IPC) modules.
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## What is a preload script?
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Electron's main process is a Node.js environment that has full operating system access.
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On top of [Electron modules][modules], you can also access [Node.js built-ins][node-api],
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as well as any packages installed via npm. On the other hand, renderer processes run web
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pages and do not run Node.js by default for security reasons.
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To bridge Electron's different process types together, we will need to use a special script
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called a **preload**.
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## Augmenting the renderer with a preload script
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A BrowserWindow's preload script runs in a context that has access to both the HTML DOM
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and a limited subset of Node.js and Electron APIs.
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:::info Preload script sandboxing
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From Electron 20 onwards, preload scripts are **sandboxed** by default and no longer have access
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to a full Node.js environment. Practically, this means that you have a polyfilled `require`
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function that only has access to a limited set of APIs.
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| Available API | Details |
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| ------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| Electron modules | Renderer process modules |
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| Node.js modules | [`events`](https://nodejs.org/api/events.html), [`timers`](https://nodejs.org/api/timers.html), [`url`](https://nodejs.org/api/url.html) |
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| Polyfilled globals | [`Buffer`](https://nodejs.org/api/buffer.html), [`process`](../api/process.md), [`clearImmediate`](https://nodejs.org/api/timers.html#timers_clearimmediate_immediate), [`setImmediate`](https://nodejs.org/api/timers.html#timers_setimmediate_callback_args) |
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For more information, check out the [Process Sandboxing](./sandbox.md) guide.
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:::
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Preload scripts are injected before a web page loads in the renderer,
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similar to a Chrome extension's [content scripts][content-script]. To add features to your renderer
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that require privileged access, you can define [global][] objects through the
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[contextBridge][contextbridge] API.
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To demonstrate this concept, you will create a preload script that exposes your app's
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versions of Chrome, Node, and Electron into the renderer.
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Add a new `preload.js` script that exposes selected properties of Electron's `process.versions`
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object to the renderer process in a `versions` global variable.
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```js title="preload.js"
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const { contextBridge } = require('electron')
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contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('versions', {
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node: () => process.versions.node,
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chrome: () => process.versions.chrome,
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electron: () => process.versions.electron
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// we can also expose variables, not just functions
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})
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```
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To attach this script to your renderer process, pass its path to the
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`webPreferences.preload` option in the BrowserWindow constructor:
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```js {2,8-10} title="main.js"
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const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron')
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const path = require('node:path')
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const createWindow = () => {
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const win = new BrowserWindow({
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width: 800,
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height: 600,
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webPreferences: {
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preload: path.join(__dirname, 'preload.js')
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}
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})
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win.loadFile('index.html')
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}
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app.whenReady().then(() => {
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createWindow()
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})
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```
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:::info
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There are two Node.js concepts that are used here:
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- The [`__dirname`][dirname] string points to the path of the currently executing script
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(in this case, your project's root folder).
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- The [`path.join`][path-join] API joins multiple path segments together, creating a
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combined path string that works across all platforms.
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:::
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At this point, the renderer has access to the `versions` global, so let's display that
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information in the window. This variable can be accessed via `window.versions` or simply
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`versions`. Create a `renderer.js` script that uses the [`document.getElementById`][]
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DOM API to replace the displayed text for the HTML element with `info` as its `id` property.
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```js title="renderer.js" @ts-nocheck
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const information = document.getElementById('info')
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information.innerText = `This app is using Chrome (v${versions.chrome()}), Node.js (v${versions.node()}), and Electron (v${versions.electron()})`
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```
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Then, modify your `index.html` by adding a new element with `info` as its `id` property,
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and attach your `renderer.js` script:
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```html {18,20} title="index.html"
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8" />
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<meta
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http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy"
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content="default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'"
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/>
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<meta
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http-equiv="X-Content-Security-Policy"
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content="default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'"
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/>
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<title>Hello from Electron renderer!</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Hello from Electron renderer!</h1>
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<p>👋</p>
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<p id="info"></p>
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</body>
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<script src="./renderer.js"></script>
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</html>
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```
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After following the above steps, your app should look something like this:
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And the code should look like this:
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```fiddle docs/fiddles/tutorial-preload
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```
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## Communicating between processes
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As we have mentioned above, Electron's main and renderer process have distinct responsibilities
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and are not interchangeable. This means it is not possible to access the Node.js APIs directly
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from the renderer process, nor the HTML Document Object Model (DOM) from the main process.
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The solution for this problem is to use Electron's `ipcMain` and `ipcRenderer` modules for
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inter-process communication (IPC). To send a message from your web page to the main process,
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you can set up a main process handler with `ipcMain.handle` and
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then expose a function that calls `ipcRenderer.invoke` to trigger the handler in your preload script.
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To illustrate, we will add a global function to the renderer called `ping()`
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that will return a string from the main process.
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First, set up the `invoke` call in your preload script:
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```js {1,7} title="preload.js"
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const { contextBridge, ipcRenderer } = require('electron')
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contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('versions', {
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node: () => process.versions.node,
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chrome: () => process.versions.chrome,
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electron: () => process.versions.electron,
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ping: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('ping')
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// we can also expose variables, not just functions
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})
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```
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:::caution IPC security
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Notice how we wrap the `ipcRenderer.invoke('ping')` call in a helper function rather
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than expose the `ipcRenderer` module directly via context bridge. You **never** want to
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directly expose the entire `ipcRenderer` module via preload. This would give your renderer
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the ability to send arbitrary IPC messages to the main process, which becomes a powerful
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attack vector for malicious code.
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:::
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Then, set up your `handle` listener in the main process. We do this _before_
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loading the HTML file so that the handler is guaranteed to be ready before
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you send out the `invoke` call from the renderer.
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```js {1,15} title="main.js"
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const { app, BrowserWindow, ipcMain } = require('electron/main')
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const path = require('node:path')
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const createWindow = () => {
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const win = new BrowserWindow({
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width: 800,
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height: 600,
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webPreferences: {
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preload: path.join(__dirname, 'preload.js')
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}
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})
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win.loadFile('index.html')
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}
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app.whenReady().then(() => {
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ipcMain.handle('ping', () => 'pong')
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createWindow()
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})
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```
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Once you have the sender and receiver set up, you can now send messages from the renderer
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to the main process through the `'ping'` channel you just defined.
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```js title='renderer.js' @ts-expect-error=[2]
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const func = async () => {
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const response = await window.versions.ping()
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console.log(response) // prints out 'pong'
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}
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func()
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```
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:::info
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For more in-depth explanations on using the `ipcRenderer` and `ipcMain` modules,
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check out the full [Inter-Process Communication][ipc] guide.
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:::
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## Summary
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A preload script contains code that runs before your web page is loaded into the browser
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window. It has access to both DOM APIs and Node.js environment, and is often used to
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expose privileged APIs to the renderer via the `contextBridge` API.
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Because the main and renderer processes have very different responsibilities, Electron
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apps often use the preload script to set up inter-process communication (IPC) interfaces
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to pass arbitrary messages between the two kinds of processes.
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In the next part of the tutorial, we will be showing you resources on adding more
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functionality to your app, then teaching you distributing your app to users.
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<!-- Links -->
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[content-script]: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/extensions/mv3/content_scripts/
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[contextbridge]: ../api/context-bridge.md
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[`document.getelementbyid`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document/getElementById
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[dirname]: https://nodejs.org/api/modules.html#modules_dirname
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[global]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Global_object
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[ipc]: ./ipc.md
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[modules]: ../api/app.md
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[node-api]: https://nodejs.org/dist/latest/docs/api/
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[path-join]: https://nodejs.org/api/path.html#path_path_join_paths
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<!-- Tutorial links -->
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[prerequisites]: tutorial-1-prerequisites.md
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[building your first app]: tutorial-2-first-app.md
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[preload]: tutorial-3-preload.md
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[features]: tutorial-4-adding-features.md
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[packaging]: tutorial-5-packaging.md
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[updates]: tutorial-6-publishing-updating.md
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