signal-desktop/libtextsecure/components.js

/*
 Copyright 2013 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>
 Copyright 2009 The Closure Library Authors. All Rights Reserved.

 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at

 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS-IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 */

/**
 * @license Long.js (c) 2013 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>
 * Released under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * see: https://github.com/dcodeIO/Long.js for details
 */
(function(global) {
    "use strict";

    /**
     * Constructs a 64 bit two's-complement integer, given its low and high 32 bit values as *signed* integers.
     *  See the from* functions below for more convenient ways of constructing Longs.
     * @exports Long
     * @class A Long class for representing a 64 bit two's-complement integer value.
     * @param {number} low The low (signed) 32 bits of the long
     * @param {number} high The high (signed) 32 bits of the long
     * @param {boolean=} unsigned Whether unsigned or not, defaults to `false` for signed
     * @constructor
     */
    var Long = function(low, high, unsigned) {

        /**
         * The low 32 bits as a signed value.
         * @type {number}
         * @expose
         */
        this.low = low|0;

        /**
         * The high 32 bits as a signed value.
         * @type {number}
         * @expose
         */
        this.high = high|0;

        /**
         * Whether unsigned or not.
         * @type {boolean}
         * @expose
         */
        this.unsigned = !!unsigned;
    };

    // The internal representation of a long is the two given signed, 32-bit values.
    // We use 32-bit pieces because these are the size of integers on which
    // Javascript performs bit-operations.  For operations like addition and
    // multiplication, we split each number into 16 bit pieces, which can easily be
    // multiplied within Javascript's floating-point representation without overflow
    // or change in sign.
    //
    // In the algorithms below, we frequently reduce the negative case to the
    // positive case by negating the input(s) and then post-processing the result.
    // Note that we must ALWAYS check specially whether those values are MIN_VALUE
    // (-2^63) because -MIN_VALUE == MIN_VALUE (since 2^63 cannot be represented as
    // a positive number, it overflows back into a negative).  Not handling this
    // case would often result in infinite recursion.
    //
    // Common constant values ZERO, ONE, NEG_ONE, etc. are defined below the from*
    // methods on which they depend.

    /**
     * Tests if the specified object is a Long.
     * @param {*} obj Object
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.isLong = function(obj) {
        return (obj && obj instanceof Long) === true;
    };

    /**
     * A cache of the Long representations of small integer values.
     * @type {!Object}
     * @inner
     */
    var INT_CACHE = {};

    /**
     * A cache of the Long representations of small unsigned integer values.
     * @type {!Object}
     * @inner
     */
    var UINT_CACHE = {};

    /**
     * Returns a Long representing the given 32 bit integer value.
     * @param {number} value The 32 bit integer in question
     * @param {boolean=} unsigned Whether unsigned or not, defaults to `false` for signed
     * @returns {!Long} The corresponding Long value
     * @expose
     */
    Long.fromInt = function(value, unsigned) {
        var obj, cachedObj;
        if (!unsigned) {
            value = value | 0;
            if (-128 <= value && value < 128) {
                cachedObj = INT_CACHE[value];
                if (cachedObj)
                    return cachedObj;
            }
            obj = new Long(value, value < 0 ? -1 : 0, false);
            if (-128 <= value && value < 128)
                INT_CACHE[value] = obj;
            return obj;
        } else {
            value = value >>> 0;
            if (0 <= value && value < 256) {
                cachedObj = UINT_CACHE[value];
                if (cachedObj)
                    return cachedObj;
            }
            obj = new Long(value, (value | 0) < 0 ? -1 : 0, true);
            if (0 <= value && value < 256)
                UINT_CACHE[value] = obj;
            return obj;
        }
    };

    /**
     * Returns a Long representing the given value, provided that it is a finite number. Otherwise, zero is returned.
     * @param {number} value The number in question
     * @param {boolean=} unsigned Whether unsigned or not, defaults to `false` for signed
     * @returns {!Long} The corresponding Long value
     * @expose
     */
    Long.fromNumber = function(value, unsigned) {
        unsigned = !!unsigned;
        if (isNaN(value) || !isFinite(value))
            return Long.ZERO;
        if (!unsigned && value <= -TWO_PWR_63_DBL)
            return Long.MIN_VALUE;
        if (!unsigned && value + 1 >= TWO_PWR_63_DBL)
            return Long.MAX_VALUE;
        if (unsigned && value >= TWO_PWR_64_DBL)
            return Long.MAX_UNSIGNED_VALUE;
        if (value < 0)
            return Long.fromNumber(-value, unsigned).negate();
        return new Long((value % TWO_PWR_32_DBL) | 0, (value / TWO_PWR_32_DBL) | 0, unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns a Long representing the 64 bit integer that comes by concatenating the given low and high bits. Each is
     *  assumed to use 32 bits.
     * @param {number} lowBits The low 32 bits
     * @param {number} highBits The high 32 bits
     * @param {boolean=} unsigned Whether unsigned or not, defaults to `false` for signed
     * @returns {!Long} The corresponding Long value
     * @expose
     */
    Long.fromBits = function(lowBits, highBits, unsigned) {
        return new Long(lowBits, highBits, unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns a Long representation of the given string, written using the specified radix.
     * @param {string} str The textual representation of the Long
     * @param {(boolean|number)=} unsigned Whether unsigned or not, defaults to `false` for signed
     * @param {number=} radix The radix in which the text is written (2-36), defaults to 10
     * @returns {!Long} The corresponding Long value
     * @expose
     */
    Long.fromString = function(str, unsigned, radix) {
        if (str.length === 0)
            throw Error('number format error: empty string');
        if (str === "NaN" || str === "Infinity" || str === "+Infinity" || str === "-Infinity")
            return Long.ZERO;
        if (typeof unsigned === 'number') // For goog.math.long compatibility
            radix = unsigned,
            unsigned = false;
        radix = radix || 10;
        if (radix < 2 || 36 < radix)
            throw Error('radix out of range: ' + radix);

        var p;
        if ((p = str.indexOf('-')) > 0)
            throw Error('number format error: interior "-" character: ' + str);
        else if (p === 0)
            return Long.fromString(str.substring(1), unsigned, radix).negate();

        // Do several (8) digits each time through the loop, so as to
        // minimize the calls to the very expensive emulated div.
        var radixToPower = Long.fromNumber(Math.pow(radix, 8));

        var result = Long.ZERO;
        for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i += 8) {
            var size = Math.min(8, str.length - i);
            var value = parseInt(str.substring(i, i + size), radix);
            if (size < 8) {
                var power = Long.fromNumber(Math.pow(radix, size));
                result = result.multiply(power).add(Long.fromNumber(value));
            } else {
                result = result.multiply(radixToPower);
                result = result.add(Long.fromNumber(value));
            }
        }
        result.unsigned = unsigned;
        return result;
    };

    /**
     * Converts the specified value to a Long.
     * @param {!Long|number|string|!{low: number, high: number, unsigned: boolean}} val Value
     * @returns {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.fromValue = function(val) {
        if (typeof val === 'number')
            return Long.fromNumber(val);
        if (typeof val === 'string')
            return Long.fromString(val);
        if (Long.isLong(val))
            return val;
        // Throws for not an object (undefined, null):
        return new Long(val.low, val.high, val.unsigned);
    };

    // NOTE: the compiler should inline these constant values below and then remove these variables, so there should be
    // no runtime penalty for these.

    /**
     * @type {number}
     * @const
     * @inner
     */
    var TWO_PWR_16_DBL = 1 << 16;

    /**
     * @type {number}
     * @const
     * @inner
     */
    var TWO_PWR_24_DBL = 1 << 24;

    /**
     * @type {number}
     * @const
     * @inner
     */
    var TWO_PWR_32_DBL = TWO_PWR_16_DBL * TWO_PWR_16_DBL;

    /**
     * @type {number}
     * @const
     * @inner
     */
    var TWO_PWR_64_DBL = TWO_PWR_32_DBL * TWO_PWR_32_DBL;

    /**
     * @type {number}
     * @const
     * @inner
     */
    var TWO_PWR_63_DBL = TWO_PWR_64_DBL / 2;

    /**
     * @type {!Long}
     * @const
     * @inner
     */
    var TWO_PWR_24 = Long.fromInt(TWO_PWR_24_DBL);

    /**
     * Signed zero.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.ZERO = Long.fromInt(0);

    /**
     * Unsigned zero.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.UZERO = Long.fromInt(0, true);

    /**
     * Signed one.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.ONE = Long.fromInt(1);

    /**
     * Unsigned one.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.UONE = Long.fromInt(1, true);

    /**
     * Signed negative one.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.NEG_ONE = Long.fromInt(-1);

    /**
     * Maximum signed value.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.MAX_VALUE = Long.fromBits(0xFFFFFFFF|0, 0x7FFFFFFF|0, false);

    /**
     * Maximum unsigned value.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.MAX_UNSIGNED_VALUE = Long.fromBits(0xFFFFFFFF|0, 0xFFFFFFFF|0, true);

    /**
     * Minimum signed value.
     * @type {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.MIN_VALUE = Long.fromBits(0, 0x80000000|0, false);

    /**
     * Converts the Long to a 32 bit integer, assuming it is a 32 bit integer.
     * @returns {number}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.toInt = function() {
        return this.unsigned ? this.low >>> 0 : this.low;
    };

    /**
     * Converts the Long to a the nearest floating-point representation of this value (double, 53 bit mantissa).
     * @returns {number}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.toNumber = function() {
        if (this.unsigned) {
            return ((this.high >>> 0) * TWO_PWR_32_DBL) + (this.low >>> 0);
        }
        return this.high * TWO_PWR_32_DBL + (this.low >>> 0);
    };

    /**
     * Converts the Long to a string written in the specified radix.
     * @param {number=} radix Radix (2-36), defaults to 10
     * @returns {string}
     * @override
     * @throws {RangeError} If `radix` is out of range
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.toString = function(radix) {
        radix = radix || 10;
        if (radix < 2 || 36 < radix)
            throw RangeError('radix out of range: ' + radix);
        if (this.isZero())
            return '0';
        var rem;
        if (this.isNegative()) { // Unsigned Longs are never negative
            if (this.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE)) {
                // We need to change the Long value before it can be negated, so we remove
                // the bottom-most digit in this base and then recurse to do the rest.
                var radixLong = Long.fromNumber(radix);
                var div = this.div(radixLong);
                rem = div.multiply(radixLong).subtract(this);
                return div.toString(radix) + rem.toInt().toString(radix);
            } else
                return '-' + this.negate().toString(radix);
        }

        // Do several (6) digits each time through the loop, so as to
        // minimize the calls to the very expensive emulated div.
        var radixToPower = Long.fromNumber(Math.pow(radix, 6), this.unsigned);
        rem = this;
        var result = '';
        while (true) {
            var remDiv = rem.div(radixToPower),
                intval = rem.subtract(remDiv.multiply(radixToPower)).toInt() >>> 0,
                digits = intval.toString(radix);
            rem = remDiv;
            if (rem.isZero())
                return digits + result;
            else {
                while (digits.length < 6)
                    digits = '0' + digits;
                result = '' + digits + result;
            }
        }
    };

    /**
     * Gets the high 32 bits as a signed integer.
     * @returns {number} Signed high bits
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.getHighBits = function() {
        return this.high;
    };

    /**
     * Gets the high 32 bits as an unsigned integer.
     * @returns {number} Unsigned high bits
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.getHighBitsUnsigned = function() {
        return this.high >>> 0;
    };

    /**
     * Gets the low 32 bits as a signed integer.
     * @returns {number} Signed low bits
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.getLowBits = function() {
        return this.low;
    };

    /**
     * Gets the low 32 bits as an unsigned integer.
     * @returns {number} Unsigned low bits
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.getLowBitsUnsigned = function() {
        return this.low >>> 0;
    };

    /**
     * Gets the number of bits needed to represent the absolute value of this Long.
     * @returns {number}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.getNumBitsAbs = function() {
        if (this.isNegative()) // Unsigned Longs are never negative
            return this.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE) ? 64 : this.negate().getNumBitsAbs();
        var val = this.high != 0 ? this.high : this.low;
        for (var bit = 31; bit > 0; bit--)
            if ((val & (1 << bit)) != 0)
                break;
        return this.high != 0 ? bit + 33 : bit + 1;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value equals zero.
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.isZero = function() {
        return this.high === 0 && this.low === 0;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is negative.
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.isNegative = function() {
        return !this.unsigned && this.high < 0;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is positive.
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.isPositive = function() {
        return this.unsigned || this.high >= 0;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is odd.
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.isOdd = function() {
        return (this.low & 1) === 1;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is even.
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.isEven = function() {
        return (this.low & 1) === 0;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value equals the specified's.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other value
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.equals = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        if (this.unsigned !== other.unsigned && (this.high >>> 31) === 1 && (other.high >>> 31) === 1)
            return false;
        return this.high === other.high && this.low === other.low;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value differs from the specified's.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other value
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.notEquals = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        return !this.equals(other);
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is less than the specified's.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other value
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.lessThan = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        return this.compare(other) < 0;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is less than or equal the specified's.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other value
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.lessThanOrEqual = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        return this.compare(other) <= 0;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is greater than the specified's.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other value
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.greaterThan = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        return this.compare(other) > 0;
    };

    /**
     * Tests if this Long's value is greater than or equal the specified's.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other value
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.greaterThanOrEqual = function(other) {
        return this.compare(other) >= 0;
    };

    /**
     * Compares this Long's value with the specified's.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other value
     * @returns {number} 0 if they are the same, 1 if the this is greater and -1
     *  if the given one is greater
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.compare = function(other) {
        if (this.equals(other))
            return 0;
        var thisNeg = this.isNegative(),
            otherNeg = other.isNegative();
        if (thisNeg && !otherNeg)
            return -1;
        if (!thisNeg && otherNeg)
            return 1;
        // At this point the sign bits are the same
        if (!this.unsigned)
            return this.subtract(other).isNegative() ? -1 : 1;
        // Both are positive if at least one is unsigned
        return (other.high >>> 0) > (this.high >>> 0) || (other.high === this.high && (other.low >>> 0) > (this.low >>> 0)) ? -1 : 1;
    };

    /**
     * Negates this Long's value.
     * @returns {!Long} Negated Long
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.negate = function() {
        if (!this.unsigned && this.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE))
            return Long.MIN_VALUE;
        return this.not().add(Long.ONE);
    };

    /**
     * Returns the sum of this and the specified Long.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} addend Addend
     * @returns {!Long} Sum
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.add = function(addend) {
        if (!Long.isLong(addend))
            addend = Long.fromValue(addend);

        // Divide each number into 4 chunks of 16 bits, and then sum the chunks.

        var a48 = this.high >>> 16;
        var a32 = this.high & 0xFFFF;
        var a16 = this.low >>> 16;
        var a00 = this.low & 0xFFFF;

        var b48 = addend.high >>> 16;
        var b32 = addend.high & 0xFFFF;
        var b16 = addend.low >>> 16;
        var b00 = addend.low & 0xFFFF;

        var c48 = 0, c32 = 0, c16 = 0, c00 = 0;
        c00 += a00 + b00;
        c16 += c00 >>> 16;
        c00 &= 0xFFFF;
        c16 += a16 + b16;
        c32 += c16 >>> 16;
        c16 &= 0xFFFF;
        c32 += a32 + b32;
        c48 += c32 >>> 16;
        c32 &= 0xFFFF;
        c48 += a48 + b48;
        c48 &= 0xFFFF;
        return Long.fromBits((c16 << 16) | c00, (c48 << 16) | c32, this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns the difference of this and the specified Long.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} subtrahend Subtrahend
     * @returns {!Long} Difference
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.subtract = function(subtrahend) {
        if (!Long.isLong(subtrahend))
            subtrahend = Long.fromValue(subtrahend);
        return this.add(subtrahend.negate());
    };

    /**
     * Returns the product of this and the specified Long.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} multiplier Multiplier
     * @returns {!Long} Product
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.multiply = function(multiplier) {
        if (this.isZero())
            return Long.ZERO;
        if (!Long.isLong(multiplier))
            multiplier = Long.fromValue(multiplier);
        if (multiplier.isZero())
            return Long.ZERO;
        if (this.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE))
            return multiplier.isOdd() ? Long.MIN_VALUE : Long.ZERO;
        if (multiplier.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE))
            return this.isOdd() ? Long.MIN_VALUE : Long.ZERO;

        if (this.isNegative()) {
            if (multiplier.isNegative())
                return this.negate().multiply(multiplier.negate());
            else
                return this.negate().multiply(multiplier).negate();
        } else if (multiplier.isNegative())
            return this.multiply(multiplier.negate()).negate();

        // If both longs are small, use float multiplication
        if (this.lessThan(TWO_PWR_24) && multiplier.lessThan(TWO_PWR_24))
            return Long.fromNumber(this.toNumber() * multiplier.toNumber(), this.unsigned);

        // Divide each long into 4 chunks of 16 bits, and then add up 4x4 products.
        // We can skip products that would overflow.

        var a48 = this.high >>> 16;
        var a32 = this.high & 0xFFFF;
        var a16 = this.low >>> 16;
        var a00 = this.low & 0xFFFF;

        var b48 = multiplier.high >>> 16;
        var b32 = multiplier.high & 0xFFFF;
        var b16 = multiplier.low >>> 16;
        var b00 = multiplier.low & 0xFFFF;

        var c48 = 0, c32 = 0, c16 = 0, c00 = 0;
        c00 += a00 * b00;
        c16 += c00 >>> 16;
        c00 &= 0xFFFF;
        c16 += a16 * b00;
        c32 += c16 >>> 16;
        c16 &= 0xFFFF;
        c16 += a00 * b16;
        c32 += c16 >>> 16;
        c16 &= 0xFFFF;
        c32 += a32 * b00;
        c48 += c32 >>> 16;
        c32 &= 0xFFFF;
        c32 += a16 * b16;
        c48 += c32 >>> 16;
        c32 &= 0xFFFF;
        c32 += a00 * b32;
        c48 += c32 >>> 16;
        c32 &= 0xFFFF;
        c48 += a48 * b00 + a32 * b16 + a16 * b32 + a00 * b48;
        c48 &= 0xFFFF;
        return Long.fromBits((c16 << 16) | c00, (c48 << 16) | c32, this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns this Long divided by the specified.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} divisor Divisor
     * @returns {!Long} Quotient
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.div = function(divisor) {
        if (!Long.isLong(divisor))
            divisor = Long.fromValue(divisor);
        if (divisor.isZero())
            throw(new Error('division by zero'));
        if (this.isZero())
            return this.unsigned ? Long.UZERO : Long.ZERO;
        var approx, rem, res;
        if (this.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE)) {
            if (divisor.equals(Long.ONE) || divisor.equals(Long.NEG_ONE))
                return Long.MIN_VALUE;  // recall that -MIN_VALUE == MIN_VALUE
            else if (divisor.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE))
                return Long.ONE;
            else {
                // At this point, we have |other| >= 2, so |this/other| < |MIN_VALUE|.
                var halfThis = this.shiftRight(1);
                approx = halfThis.div(divisor).shiftLeft(1);
                if (approx.equals(Long.ZERO)) {
                    return divisor.isNegative() ? Long.ONE : Long.NEG_ONE;
                } else {
                    rem = this.subtract(divisor.multiply(approx));
                    res = approx.add(rem.div(divisor));
                    return res;
                }
            }
        } else if (divisor.equals(Long.MIN_VALUE))
            return this.unsigned ? Long.UZERO : Long.ZERO;
        if (this.isNegative()) {
            if (divisor.isNegative())
                return this.negate().div(divisor.negate());
            return this.negate().div(divisor).negate();
        } else if (divisor.isNegative())
            return this.div(divisor.negate()).negate();

        // Repeat the following until the remainder is less than other:  find a
        // floating-point that approximates remainder / other *from below*, add this
        // into the result, and subtract it from the remainder.  It is critical that
        // the approximate value is less than or equal to the real value so that the
        // remainder never becomes negative.
        res = Long.ZERO;
        rem = this;
        while (rem.greaterThanOrEqual(divisor)) {
            // Approximate the result of division. This may be a little greater or
            // smaller than the actual value.
            approx = Math.max(1, Math.floor(rem.toNumber() / divisor.toNumber()));

            // We will tweak the approximate result by changing it in the 48-th digit or
            // the smallest non-fractional digit, whichever is larger.
            var log2 = Math.ceil(Math.log(approx) / Math.LN2),
                delta = (log2 <= 48) ? 1 : Math.pow(2, log2 - 48),

            // Decrease the approximation until it is smaller than the remainder.  Note
            // that if it is too large, the product overflows and is negative.
                approxRes = Long.fromNumber(approx),
                approxRem = approxRes.multiply(divisor);
            while (approxRem.isNegative() || approxRem.greaterThan(rem)) {
                approx -= delta;
                approxRes = Long.fromNumber(approx, this.unsigned);
                approxRem = approxRes.multiply(divisor);
            }

            // We know the answer can't be zero... and actually, zero would cause
            // infinite recursion since we would make no progress.
            if (approxRes.isZero())
                approxRes = Long.ONE;

            res = res.add(approxRes);
            rem = rem.subtract(approxRem);
        }
        return res;
    };

    /**
     * Returns this Long modulo the specified.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} divisor Divisor
     * @returns {!Long} Remainder
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.modulo = function(divisor) {
        if (!Long.isLong(divisor))
            divisor = Long.fromValue(divisor);
        return this.subtract(this.div(divisor).multiply(divisor));
    };

    /**
     * Returns the bitwise NOT of this Long.
     * @returns {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.not = function() {
        return Long.fromBits(~this.low, ~this.high, this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns the bitwise AND of this Long and the specified.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other Long
     * @returns {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.and = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        return Long.fromBits(this.low & other.low, this.high & other.high, this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns the bitwise OR of this Long and the specified.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other Long
     * @returns {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.or = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        return Long.fromBits(this.low | other.low, this.high | other.high, this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns the bitwise XOR of this Long and the given one.
     * @param {!Long|number|string} other Other Long
     * @returns {!Long}
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.xor = function(other) {
        if (!Long.isLong(other))
            other = Long.fromValue(other);
        return Long.fromBits(this.low ^ other.low, this.high ^ other.high, this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns this Long with bits shifted to the left by the given amount.
     * @param {number|!Long} numBits Number of bits
     * @returns {!Long} Shifted Long
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.shiftLeft = function(numBits) {
        if (Long.isLong(numBits))
            numBits = numBits.toInt();
        if ((numBits &= 63) === 0)
            return this;
        else if (numBits < 32)
            return Long.fromBits(this.low << numBits, (this.high << numBits) | (this.low >>> (32 - numBits)), this.unsigned);
        else
            return Long.fromBits(0, this.low << (numBits - 32), this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns this Long with bits arithmetically shifted to the right by the given amount.
     * @param {number|!Long} numBits Number of bits
     * @returns {!Long} Shifted Long
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.shiftRight = function(numBits) {
        if (Long.isLong(numBits))
            numBits = numBits.toInt();
        if ((numBits &= 63) === 0)
            return this;
        else if (numBits < 32)
            return Long.fromBits((this.low >>> numBits) | (this.high << (32 - numBits)), this.high >> numBits, this.unsigned);
        else
            return Long.fromBits(this.high >> (numBits - 32), this.high >= 0 ? 0 : -1, this.unsigned);
    };

    /**
     * Returns this Long with bits logically shifted to the right by the given amount.
     * @param {number|!Long} numBits Number of bits
     * @returns {!Long} Shifted Long
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.shiftRightUnsigned = function(numBits) {
        if (Long.isLong(numBits))
            numBits = numBits.toInt();
        numBits &= 63;
        if (numBits === 0)
            return this;
        else {
            var high = this.high;
            if (numBits < 32) {
                var low = this.low;
                return Long.fromBits((low >>> numBits) | (high << (32 - numBits)), high >>> numBits, this.unsigned);
            } else if (numBits === 32)
                return Long.fromBits(high, 0, this.unsigned);
            else
                return Long.fromBits(high >>> (numBits - 32), 0, this.unsigned);
        }
    };

    /**
     * Converts this Long to signed.
     * @returns {!Long} Signed long
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.toSigned = function() {
        if (!this.unsigned)
            return this;
        return new Long(this.low, this.high, false);
    };

    /**
     * Converts this Long to unsigned.
     * @returns {!Long} Unsigned long
     * @expose
     */
    Long.prototype.toUnsigned = function() {
        if (this.unsigned)
            return this;
        return new Long(this.low, this.high, true);
    };

    /* CommonJS */ if (typeof require === 'function' && typeof module === 'object' && module && typeof exports === 'object' && exports)
        module["exports"] = Long;
    /* AMD */ else if (typeof define === 'function' && define["amd"])
        define(function() { return Long; });
    /* Global */ else
        (global["dcodeIO"] = global["dcodeIO"] || {})["Long"] = Long;

})(this);

/*
 Copyright 2013-2014 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>

 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at

 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 */

/**
 * @license ByteBuffer.js (c) 2013-2014 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>
 * This version of ByteBuffer.js uses an ArrayBuffer (AB) as its backing buffer and is compatible with modern browsers.
 * Released under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * see: https://github.com/dcodeIO/ByteBuffer.js for details
 */ //
(function(global) {
    "use strict";

    /**
     * @param {function(new: Long, number, number, boolean=)=} Long
     * @returns {function(new: ByteBuffer, number=, boolean=, boolean=)}}
     * @inner
     */
    function loadByteBuffer(Long) {

        /**
         * Constructs a new ByteBuffer.
         * @class The swiss army knife for binary data in JavaScript.
         * @exports ByteBuffer
         * @constructor
         * @param {number=} capacity Initial capacity. Defaults to {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_CAPACITY}.
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @expose
         */
        var ByteBuffer = function(capacity, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            if (typeof capacity     === 'undefined') capacity     = ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
            if (typeof littleEndian === 'undefined') littleEndian = ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN;
            if (typeof noAssert     === 'undefined') noAssert     = ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT;
            if (!noAssert) {
                capacity = capacity | 0;
                if (capacity < 0)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal capacity");
                littleEndian = !!littleEndian;
                noAssert = !!noAssert;
            }

            /**
             * Backing buffer.
             * @type {!ArrayBuffer}
             * @expose
             */
            this.buffer = capacity === 0 ? EMPTY_BUFFER : new ArrayBuffer(capacity);

            /**
             * Data view to manipulate the backing buffer. Becomes `null` if the backing buffer has a capacity of `0`.
             * @type {?DataView}
             * @expose
             */
            this.view = capacity === 0 ? null : new DataView(this.buffer);

            /**
             * Absolute read/write offset.
             * @type {number}
             * @expose
             * @see ByteBuffer#flip
             * @see ByteBuffer#clear
             */
            this.offset = 0;

            /**
             * Marked offset.
             * @type {number}
             * @expose
             * @see ByteBuffer#mark
             * @see ByteBuffer#reset
             */
            this.markedOffset = -1;

            /**
             * Absolute limit of the contained data. Set to the backing buffer's capacity upon allocation.
             * @type {number}
             * @expose
             * @see ByteBuffer#flip
             * @see ByteBuffer#clear
             */
            this.limit = capacity;

            /**
             * Whether to use little endian byte order, defaults to `false` for big endian.
             * @type {boolean}
             * @expose
             */
            this.littleEndian = typeof littleEndian !== 'undefined' ? !!littleEndian : false;

            /**
             * Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values, defaults to `false`.
             * @type {boolean}
             * @expose
             */
            this.noAssert = !!noAssert;
        };

        /**
         * ByteBuffer version.
         * @type {string}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.VERSION = "3.5.4";

        /**
         * Little endian constant that can be used instead of its boolean value. Evaluates to `true`.
         * @type {boolean}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.LITTLE_ENDIAN = true;

        /**
         * Big endian constant that can be used instead of its boolean value. Evaluates to `false`.
         * @type {boolean}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.BIG_ENDIAN = false;

        /**
         * Default initial capacity of `16`.
         * @type {number}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 16;

        /**
         * Default endianess of `false` for big endian.
         * @type {boolean}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN = ByteBuffer.BIG_ENDIAN;

        /**
         * Default no assertions flag of `false`.
         * @type {boolean}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT = false;

        /**
         * A `Long` class for representing a 64-bit two's-complement integer value. May be `null` if Long.js has not been loaded
         *  and int64 support is not available.
         * @type {?Long}
         * @const
         * @see https://github.com/dcodeIO/Long.js
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.Long = Long || null;

        /**
         * @alias ByteBuffer.prototype
         * @inner
         */
        var ByteBufferPrototype = ByteBuffer.prototype;

        // helpers

        /**
         * @type {!ArrayBuffer}
         * @inner
         */
        var EMPTY_BUFFER = new ArrayBuffer(0);

        /**
         * String.fromCharCode reference for compile-time renaming.
         * @type {function(...number):string}
         * @inner
         */
        var stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode;

        /**
         * Creates a source function for a string.
         * @param {string} s String to read from
         * @returns {function():number|null} Source function returning the next char code respectively `null` if there are
         *  no more characters left.
         * @throws {TypeError} If the argument is invalid
         * @inner
         */
        function stringSource(s) {
            var i=0; return function() {
                return i < s.length ? s.charCodeAt(i++) : null;
            };
        }

        /**
         * Creates a destination function for a string.
         * @returns {function(number=):undefined|string} Destination function successively called with the next char code.
         *  Returns the final string when called without arguments.
         * @inner
         */
        function stringDestination() {
            var cs = [], ps = []; return function() {
                if (arguments.length === 0)
                    return ps.join('')+stringFromCharCode.apply(String, cs);
                if (cs.length + arguments.length > 1024)
                    ps.push(stringFromCharCode.apply(String, cs)),
                        cs.length = 0;
                Array.prototype.push.apply(cs, arguments);
            };
        }

        /**
         * Allocates a new ByteBuffer backed by a buffer of the specified capacity.
         * @param {number=} capacity Initial capacity. Defaults to {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_CAPACITY}.
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.allocate = function(capacity, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            return new ByteBuffer(capacity, littleEndian, noAssert);
        };

        /**
         * Concatenates multiple ByteBuffers into one.
         * @param {!Array.<!ByteBuffer|!ArrayBuffer|!Uint8Array|string>} buffers Buffers to concatenate
         * @param {(string|boolean)=} encoding String encoding if `buffers` contains a string ("base64", "hex", "binary",
         *  defaults to "utf8")
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order for the resulting ByteBuffer. Defaults
         *  to {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values for the resulting ByteBuffer. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} Concatenated ByteBuffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.concat = function(buffers, encoding, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            if (typeof encoding === 'boolean' || typeof encoding !== 'string') {
                noAssert = littleEndian;
                littleEndian = encoding;
                encoding = undefined;
            }
            var capacity = 0;
            for (var i=0, k=buffers.length, length; i<k; ++i) {
                if (!ByteBuffer.isByteBuffer(buffers[i]))
                    buffers[i] = ByteBuffer.wrap(buffers[i], encoding);
                length = buffers[i].limit - buffers[i].offset;
                if (length > 0) capacity += length;
            }
            if (capacity === 0)
                return new ByteBuffer(0, littleEndian, noAssert);
            var bb = new ByteBuffer(capacity, littleEndian, noAssert),
                bi;
            var view = new Uint8Array(bb.buffer);
            i=0; while (i<k) {
                bi = buffers[i++];
                length = bi.limit - bi.offset;
                if (length <= 0) continue;
                view.set(new Uint8Array(bi.buffer).subarray(bi.offset, bi.limit), bb.offset);
                bb.offset += length;
            }
            bb.limit = bb.offset;
            bb.offset = 0;
            return bb;
        };

        /**
         * Tests if the specified type is a ByteBuffer.
         * @param {*} bb ByteBuffer to test
         * @returns {boolean} `true` if it is a ByteBuffer, otherwise `false`
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.isByteBuffer = function(bb) {
            return (bb && bb instanceof ByteBuffer) === true;
        };
        /**
         * Gets the backing buffer type.
         * @returns {Function} `Buffer` for NB builds, `ArrayBuffer` for AB builds (classes)
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.type = function() {
            return ArrayBuffer;
        };

        /**
         * Wraps a buffer or a string. Sets the allocated ByteBuffer's {@link ByteBuffer#offset} to `0` and its
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#limit} to the length of the wrapped data.
         * @param {!ByteBuffer|!ArrayBuffer|!Uint8Array|string|!Array.<number>} buffer Anything that can be wrapped
         * @param {(string|boolean)=} encoding String encoding if `buffer` is a string ("base64", "hex", "binary", defaults to
         *  "utf8")
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} A ByteBuffer wrapping `buffer`
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.wrap = function(buffer, encoding, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            if (typeof encoding !== 'string') {
                noAssert = littleEndian;
                littleEndian = encoding;
                encoding = undefined;
            }
            if (typeof buffer === 'string') {
                if (typeof encoding === 'undefined')
                    encoding = "utf8";
                switch (encoding) {
                    case "base64":
                        return ByteBuffer.fromBase64(buffer, littleEndian);
                    case "hex":
                        return ByteBuffer.fromHex(buffer, littleEndian);
                    case "binary":
                        return ByteBuffer.fromBinary(buffer, littleEndian);
                    case "utf8":
                        return ByteBuffer.fromUTF8(buffer, littleEndian);
                    case "debug":
                        return ByteBuffer.fromDebug(buffer, littleEndian);
                    default:
                        throw Error("Unsupported encoding: "+encoding);
                }
            }
            if (buffer === null || typeof buffer !== 'object')
                throw TypeError("Illegal buffer");
            var bb;
            if (ByteBuffer.isByteBuffer(buffer)) {
                bb = ByteBufferPrototype.clone.call(buffer);
                bb.markedOffset = -1;
                return bb;
            }
            if (buffer instanceof Uint8Array) { // Extract ArrayBuffer from Uint8Array
                bb = new ByteBuffer(0, littleEndian, noAssert);
                if (buffer.length > 0) { // Avoid references to more than one EMPTY_BUFFER
                    bb.buffer = buffer.buffer;
                    bb.offset = buffer.byteOffset;
                    bb.limit = buffer.byteOffset + buffer.length;
                    bb.view = buffer.length > 0 ? new DataView(buffer.buffer) : null;
                }
            } else if (buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) { // Reuse ArrayBuffer
                bb = new ByteBuffer(0, littleEndian, noAssert);
                if (buffer.byteLength > 0) {
                    bb.buffer = buffer;
                    bb.offset = 0;
                    bb.limit = buffer.byteLength;
                    bb.view = buffer.byteLength > 0 ? new DataView(buffer) : null;
                }
            } else if (Object.prototype.toString.call(buffer) === "[object Array]") { // Create from octets
                bb = new ByteBuffer(buffer.length, littleEndian, noAssert);
                bb.limit = buffer.length;
                for (i=0; i<buffer.length; ++i)
                    bb.view.setUint8(i, buffer[i]);
            } else
                throw TypeError("Illegal buffer"); // Otherwise fail
            return bb;
        };

        // types/ints/int8

        /**
         * Writes an 8bit signed integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `1` if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt8 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value |= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 1;
            var capacity0 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity0)
                this.resize((capacity0 *= 2) > offset ? capacity0 : offset);
            offset -= 1;
            this.view.setInt8(offset, value);
            if (relative) this.offset += 1;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Writes an 8bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#writeInt8}.
         * @function
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `1` if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeByte = ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt8;

        /**
         * Reads an 8bit signed integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `1` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readInt8 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 1 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+1+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getInt8(offset);
            if (relative) this.offset += 1;
            return value;
        };

        /**
         * Reads an 8bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#readInt8}.
         * @function
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `1` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readByte = ByteBufferPrototype.readInt8;

        /**
         * Writes an 8bit unsigned integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `1` if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeUint8 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value >>>= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 1;
            var capacity1 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity1)
                this.resize((capacity1 *= 2) > offset ? capacity1 : offset);
            offset -= 1;
            this.view.setUint8(offset, value);
            if (relative) this.offset += 1;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Reads an 8bit unsigned integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `1` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readUint8 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 1 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+1+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getUint8(offset);
            if (relative) this.offset += 1;
            return value;
        };

        // types/ints/int16

        /**
         * Writes a 16bit signed integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `2` if omitted.
         * @throws {TypeError} If `offset` or `value` is not a valid number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset` is out of bounds
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt16 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value |= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 2;
            var capacity2 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity2)
                this.resize((capacity2 *= 2) > offset ? capacity2 : offset);
            offset -= 2;
            this.view.setInt16(offset, value, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 2;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Writes a 16bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#writeInt16}.
         * @function
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `2` if omitted.
         * @throws {TypeError} If `offset` or `value` is not a valid number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset` is out of bounds
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeShort = ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt16;

        /**
         * Reads a 16bit signed integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `2` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @throws {TypeError} If `offset` is not a valid number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset` is out of bounds
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readInt16 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 2 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+2+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getInt16(offset, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 2;
            return value;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a 16bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#readInt16}.
         * @function
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `2` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @throws {TypeError} If `offset` is not a valid number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset` is out of bounds
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readShort = ByteBufferPrototype.readInt16;

        /**
         * Writes a 16bit unsigned integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `2` if omitted.
         * @throws {TypeError} If `offset` or `value` is not a valid number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset` is out of bounds
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeUint16 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value >>>= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 2;
            var capacity3 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity3)
                this.resize((capacity3 *= 2) > offset ? capacity3 : offset);
            offset -= 2;
            this.view.setUint16(offset, value, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 2;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a 16bit unsigned integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `2` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @throws {TypeError} If `offset` is not a valid number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset` is out of bounds
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readUint16 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 2 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+2+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getUint16(offset, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 2;
            return value;
        };

        // types/ints/int32

        /**
         * Writes a 32bit signed integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt32 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value |= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 4;
            var capacity4 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity4)
                this.resize((capacity4 *= 2) > offset ? capacity4 : offset);
            offset -= 4;
            this.view.setInt32(offset, value, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 4;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Writes a 32bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#writeInt32}.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt = ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt32;

        /**
         * Reads a 32bit signed integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readInt32 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 4 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+4+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getInt32(offset, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 4;
            return value;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a 32bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#readInt32}.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and advance {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readInt = ByteBufferPrototype.readInt32;

        /**
         * Writes a 32bit unsigned integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeUint32 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value >>>= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 4;
            var capacity5 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity5)
                this.resize((capacity5 *= 2) > offset ? capacity5 : offset);
            offset -= 4;
            this.view.setUint32(offset, value, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 4;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a 32bit unsigned integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @returns {number} Value read
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readUint32 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 4 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+4+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getUint32(offset, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 4;
            return value;
        };

        // types/ints/int64

        if (Long) {

            /**
             * Writes a 64bit signed integer.
             * @param {number|!Long} value Value to write
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
             * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt64 = function(value, offset) {
                var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
                if (relative) offset = this.offset;
                if (!this.noAssert) {
                    if (typeof value === 'number')
                        value = Long.fromNumber(value);
                    else if (!(value && value instanceof Long))
                        throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer or Long)");
                    if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                    offset >>>= 0;
                    if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
                }
                if (typeof value === 'number')
                    value = Long.fromNumber(value);
                offset += 8;
                var capacity6 = this.buffer.byteLength;
                if (offset > capacity6)
                    this.resize((capacity6 *= 2) > offset ? capacity6 : offset);
                offset -= 8;
                if (this.littleEndian) {
                    this.view.setInt32(offset  , value.low , true);
                    this.view.setInt32(offset+4, value.high, true);
                } else {
                    this.view.setInt32(offset  , value.high, false);
                    this.view.setInt32(offset+4, value.low , false);
                }
                if (relative) this.offset += 8;
                return this;
            };

            /**
             * Writes a 64bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#writeInt64}.
             * @param {number|!Long} value Value to write
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
             * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.writeLong = ByteBufferPrototype.writeInt64;

            /**
             * Reads a 64bit signed integer.
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
             * @returns {!Long}
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.readInt64 = function(offset) {
                var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
                if (relative) offset = this.offset;
                if (!this.noAssert) {
                    if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                    offset >>>= 0;
                    if (offset < 0 || offset + 8 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+8+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
                }
                var value = this.littleEndian
                    ? new Long(this.view.getInt32(offset  , true ), this.view.getInt32(offset+4, true ), false)
                    : new Long(this.view.getInt32(offset+4, false), this.view.getInt32(offset  , false), false);
                if (relative) this.offset += 8;
                return value;
            };

            /**
             * Reads a 64bit signed integer. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#readInt64}.
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
             * @returns {!Long}
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.readLong = ByteBufferPrototype.readInt64;

            /**
             * Writes a 64bit unsigned integer.
             * @param {number|!Long} value Value to write
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
             * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.writeUint64 = function(value, offset) {
                var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
                if (relative) offset = this.offset;
                if (!this.noAssert) {
                    if (typeof value === 'number')
                        value = Long.fromNumber(value);
                    else if (!(value && value instanceof Long))
                        throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer or Long)");
                    if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                    offset >>>= 0;
                    if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
                }
                if (typeof value === 'number')
                    value = Long.fromNumber(value);
                offset += 8;
                var capacity7 = this.buffer.byteLength;
                if (offset > capacity7)
                    this.resize((capacity7 *= 2) > offset ? capacity7 : offset);
                offset -= 8;
                if (this.littleEndian) {
                    this.view.setInt32(offset  , value.low , true);
                    this.view.setInt32(offset+4, value.high, true);
                } else {
                    this.view.setInt32(offset  , value.high, false);
                    this.view.setInt32(offset+4, value.low , false);
                }
                if (relative) this.offset += 8;
                return this;
            };

            /**
             * Reads a 64bit unsigned integer.
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
             * @returns {!Long}
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.readUint64 = function(offset) {
                var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
                if (relative) offset = this.offset;
                if (!this.noAssert) {
                    if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                    offset >>>= 0;
                    if (offset < 0 || offset + 8 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+8+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
                }
                var value = this.littleEndian
                    ? new Long(this.view.getInt32(offset  , true ), this.view.getInt32(offset+4, true ), true)
                    : new Long(this.view.getInt32(offset+4, false), this.view.getInt32(offset  , false), true);
                if (relative) this.offset += 8;
                return value;
            };

        } // Long


        // types/floats/float32

        /**
         * Writes a 32bit float.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeFloat32 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not a number)");
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 4;
            var capacity8 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity8)
                this.resize((capacity8 *= 2) > offset ? capacity8 : offset);
            offset -= 4;
            this.view.setFloat32(offset, value, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 4;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Writes a 32bit float. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#writeFloat32}.
         * @function
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeFloat = ByteBufferPrototype.writeFloat32;

        /**
         * Reads a 32bit float.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @returns {number}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readFloat32 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 4 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+4+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getFloat32(offset, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 4;
            return value;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a 32bit float. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#readFloat32}.
         * @function
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `4` if omitted.
         * @returns {number}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readFloat = ByteBufferPrototype.readFloat32;

        // types/floats/float64

        /**
         * Writes a 64bit float.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeFloat64 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not a number)");
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            offset += 8;
            var capacity9 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity9)
                this.resize((capacity9 *= 2) > offset ? capacity9 : offset);
            offset -= 8;
            this.view.setFloat64(offset, value, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 8;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Writes a 64bit float. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#writeFloat64}.
         * @function
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeDouble = ByteBufferPrototype.writeFloat64;

        /**
         * Reads a 64bit float.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
         * @returns {number}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readFloat64 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 8 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+8+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var value = this.view.getFloat64(offset, this.littleEndian);
            if (relative) this.offset += 8;
            return value;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a 64bit float. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#readFloat64}.
         * @function
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by `8` if omitted.
         * @returns {number}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readDouble = ByteBufferPrototype.readFloat64;


        // types/varints/varint32

        /**
         * Maximum number of bytes required to store a 32bit base 128 variable-length integer.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.MAX_VARINT32_BYTES = 5;

        /**
         * Calculates the actual number of bytes required to store a 32bit base 128 variable-length integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to encode
         * @returns {number} Number of bytes required. Capped to {@link ByteBuffer.MAX_VARINT32_BYTES}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32 = function(value) {
            // ref: src/google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc
            value = value >>> 0;
                 if (value < 1 << 7 ) return 1;
            else if (value < 1 << 14) return 2;
            else if (value < 1 << 21) return 3;
            else if (value < 1 << 28) return 4;
            else                      return 5;
        };

        /**
         * Zigzag encodes a signed 32bit integer so that it can be effectively used with varint encoding.
         * @param {number} n Signed 32bit integer
         * @returns {number} Unsigned zigzag encoded 32bit integer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.zigZagEncode32 = function(n) {
            return (((n |= 0) << 1) ^ (n >> 31)) >>> 0; // ref: src/google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.h
        };

        /**
         * Decodes a zigzag encoded signed 32bit integer.
         * @param {number} n Unsigned zigzag encoded 32bit integer
         * @returns {number} Signed 32bit integer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.zigZagDecode32 = function(n) {
            return ((n >>> 1) ^ -(n & 1)) | 0; // // ref: src/google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.h
        };

        /**
         * Writes a 32bit base 128 variable-length integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  written if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} this if `offset` is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeVarint32 = function(value, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value |= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var size = ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(value),
                b;
            offset += size;
            var capacity10 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity10)
                this.resize((capacity10 *= 2) > offset ? capacity10 : offset);
            offset -= size;
            // ref: http://code.google.com/searchframe#WTeibokF6gE/trunk/src/google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc
            this.view.setUint8(offset, b = value | 0x80);
            value >>>= 0;
            if (value >= 1 << 7) {
                b = (value >> 7) | 0x80;
                this.view.setUint8(offset+1, b);
                if (value >= 1 << 14) {
                    b = (value >> 14) | 0x80;
                    this.view.setUint8(offset+2, b);
                    if (value >= 1 << 21) {
                        b = (value >> 21) | 0x80;
                        this.view.setUint8(offset+3, b);
                        if (value >= 1 << 28) {
                            this.view.setUint8(offset+4, (value >> 28) & 0x0F);
                            size = 5;
                        } else {
                            this.view.setUint8(offset+3, b & 0x7F);
                            size = 4;
                        }
                    } else {
                        this.view.setUint8(offset+2, b & 0x7F);
                        size = 3;
                    }
                } else {
                    this.view.setUint8(offset+1, b & 0x7F);
                    size = 2;
                }
            } else {
                this.view.setUint8(offset, b & 0x7F);
                size = 1;
            }
            if (relative) {
                this.offset += size;
                return this;
            }
            return size;
        };

        /**
         * Writes a zig-zag encoded 32bit base 128 variable-length integer.
         * @param {number} value Value to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  written if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} this if `offset` is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeVarint32ZigZag = function(value, offset) {
            return this.writeVarint32(ByteBuffer.zigZagEncode32(value), offset);
        };

        /**
         * Reads a 32bit base 128 variable-length integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  written if omitted.
         * @returns {number|!{value: number, length: number}} The value read if offset is omitted, else the value read
         *  and the actual number of bytes read.
         * @throws {Error} If it's not a valid varint. Has a property `truncated = true` if there is not enough data available
         *  to fully decode the varint.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readVarint32 = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 1 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+1+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            // ref: src/google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc
            var size = 0,
                value = 0 >>> 0,
                temp,
                ioffset;
            do {
                ioffset = offset+size;
                if (!this.noAssert && ioffset > this.limit) {
                    var err = Error("Truncated");
                    err['truncated'] = true;
                    throw err;
                }
                temp = this.view.getUint8(ioffset);
                if (size < 5)
                    value |= ((temp&0x7F)<<(7*size)) >>> 0;
                ++size;
            } while ((temp & 0x80) === 0x80);
            value = value | 0; // Make sure to discard the higher order bits
            if (relative) {
                this.offset += size;
                return value;
            }
            return {
                "value": value,
                "length": size
            };
        };

        /**
         * Reads a zig-zag encoded 32bit base 128 variable-length integer.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  written if omitted.
         * @returns {number|!{value: number, length: number}} The value read if offset is omitted, else the value read
         *  and the actual number of bytes read.
         * @throws {Error} If it's not a valid varint
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readVarint32ZigZag = function(offset) {
            var val = this.readVarint32(offset);
            if (typeof val === 'object')
                val["value"] = ByteBuffer.zigZagDecode32(val["value"]);
            else
                val = ByteBuffer.zigZagDecode32(val);
            return val;
        };

        // types/varints/varint64

        if (Long) {

            /**
             * Maximum number of bytes required to store a 64bit base 128 variable-length integer.
             * @type {number}
             * @const
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBuffer.MAX_VARINT64_BYTES = 10;

            /**
             * Calculates the actual number of bytes required to store a 64bit base 128 variable-length integer.
             * @param {number|!Long} value Value to encode
             * @returns {number} Number of bytes required. Capped to {@link ByteBuffer.MAX_VARINT64_BYTES}
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBuffer.calculateVarint64 = function(value) {
                if (typeof value === 'number')
                    value = Long.fromNumber(value);
                // ref: src/google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc
                var part0 = value.toInt() >>> 0,
                    part1 = value.shiftRightUnsigned(28).toInt() >>> 0,
                    part2 = value.shiftRightUnsigned(56).toInt() >>> 0;
                if (part2 == 0) {
                    if (part1 == 0) {
                        if (part0 < 1 << 14)
                            return part0 < 1 << 7 ? 1 : 2;
                        else
                            return part0 < 1 << 21 ? 3 : 4;
                    } else {
                        if (part1 < 1 << 14)
                            return part1 < 1 << 7 ? 5 : 6;
                        else
                            return part1 < 1 << 21 ? 7 : 8;
                    }
                } else
                    return part2 < 1 << 7 ? 9 : 10;
            };

            /**
             * Zigzag encodes a signed 64bit integer so that it can be effectively used with varint encoding.
             * @param {number|!Long} value Signed long
             * @returns {!Long} Unsigned zigzag encoded long
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBuffer.zigZagEncode64 = function(value) {
                if (typeof value === 'number')
                    value = Long.fromNumber(value, false);
                else if (value.unsigned !== false) value = value.toSigned();
                // ref: src/google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.h
                return value.shiftLeft(1).xor(value.shiftRight(63)).toUnsigned();
            };

            /**
             * Decodes a zigzag encoded signed 64bit integer.
             * @param {!Long|number} value Unsigned zigzag encoded long or JavaScript number
             * @returns {!Long} Signed long
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBuffer.zigZagDecode64 = function(value) {
                if (typeof value === 'number')
                    value = Long.fromNumber(value, false);
                else if (value.unsigned !== false) value = value.toSigned();
                // ref: src/google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.h
                return value.shiftRightUnsigned(1).xor(value.and(Long.ONE).toSigned().negate()).toSigned();
            };

            /**
             * Writes a 64bit base 128 variable-length integer.
             * @param {number|Long} value Value to write
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
             *  written if omitted.
             * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} `this` if offset is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written.
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.writeVarint64 = function(value, offset) {
                var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
                if (relative) offset = this.offset;
                if (!this.noAssert) {
                    if (typeof value === 'number')
                        value = Long.fromNumber(value);
                    else if (!(value && value instanceof Long))
                        throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer or Long)");
                    if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                    offset >>>= 0;
                    if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
                }
                if (typeof value === 'number')
                    value = Long.fromNumber(value, false);
                else if (value.unsigned !== false) value = value.toSigned();
                var size = ByteBuffer.calculateVarint64(value),
                    part0 = value.toInt() >>> 0,
                    part1 = value.shiftRightUnsigned(28).toInt() >>> 0,
                    part2 = value.shiftRightUnsigned(56).toInt() >>> 0;
                offset += size;
                var capacity11 = this.buffer.byteLength;
                if (offset > capacity11)
                    this.resize((capacity11 *= 2) > offset ? capacity11 : offset);
                offset -= size;
                switch (size) {
                    case 10: this.view.setUint8(offset+9, (part2 >>>  7) & 0x01);
                    case 9 : this.view.setUint8(offset+8, size !== 9 ? (part2       ) | 0x80 : (part2       ) & 0x7F);
                    case 8 : this.view.setUint8(offset+7, size !== 8 ? (part1 >>> 21) | 0x80 : (part1 >>> 21) & 0x7F);
                    case 7 : this.view.setUint8(offset+6, size !== 7 ? (part1 >>> 14) | 0x80 : (part1 >>> 14) & 0x7F);
                    case 6 : this.view.setUint8(offset+5, size !== 6 ? (part1 >>>  7) | 0x80 : (part1 >>>  7) & 0x7F);
                    case 5 : this.view.setUint8(offset+4, size !== 5 ? (part1       ) | 0x80 : (part1       ) & 0x7F);
                    case 4 : this.view.setUint8(offset+3, size !== 4 ? (part0 >>> 21) | 0x80 : (part0 >>> 21) & 0x7F);
                    case 3 : this.view.setUint8(offset+2, size !== 3 ? (part0 >>> 14) | 0x80 : (part0 >>> 14) & 0x7F);
                    case 2 : this.view.setUint8(offset+1, size !== 2 ? (part0 >>>  7) | 0x80 : (part0 >>>  7) & 0x7F);
                    case 1 : this.view.setUint8(offset  , size !== 1 ? (part0       ) | 0x80 : (part0       ) & 0x7F);
                }
                if (relative) {
                    this.offset += size;
                    return this;
                } else {
                    return size;
                }
            };

            /**
             * Writes a zig-zag encoded 64bit base 128 variable-length integer.
             * @param {number|Long} value Value to write
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
             *  written if omitted.
             * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} `this` if offset is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written.
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.writeVarint64ZigZag = function(value, offset) {
                return this.writeVarint64(ByteBuffer.zigZagEncode64(value), offset);
            };

            /**
             * Reads a 64bit base 128 variable-length integer. Requires Long.js.
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
             *  read if omitted.
             * @returns {!Long|!{value: Long, length: number}} The value read if offset is omitted, else the value read and
             *  the actual number of bytes read.
             * @throws {Error} If it's not a valid varint
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.readVarint64 = function(offset) {
                var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
                if (relative) offset = this.offset;
                if (!this.noAssert) {
                    if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                    offset >>>= 0;
                    if (offset < 0 || offset + 1 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+1+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
                }
                // ref: src/google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc
                var start = offset,
                    part0 = 0,
                    part1 = 0,
                    part2 = 0,
                    b  = 0;
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part0  = (b & 0x7F)      ; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part0 |= (b & 0x7F) <<  7; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part0 |= (b & 0x7F) << 14; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part0 |= (b & 0x7F) << 21; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part1  = (b & 0x7F)      ; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part1 |= (b & 0x7F) <<  7; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part1 |= (b & 0x7F) << 14; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part1 |= (b & 0x7F) << 21; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part2  = (b & 0x7F)      ; if (b & 0x80) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(offset++); part2 |= (b & 0x7F) <<  7; if (b & 0x80) {
                throw Error("Buffer overrun"); }}}}}}}}}}
                var value = Long.fromBits(part0 | (part1 << 28), (part1 >>> 4) | (part2) << 24, false);
                if (relative) {
                    this.offset = offset;
                    return value;
                } else {
                    return {
                        'value': value,
                        'length': offset-start
                    };
                }
            };

            /**
             * Reads a zig-zag encoded 64bit base 128 variable-length integer. Requires Long.js.
             * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
             *  read if omitted.
             * @returns {!Long|!{value: Long, length: number}} The value read if offset is omitted, else the value read and
             *  the actual number of bytes read.
             * @throws {Error} If it's not a valid varint
             * @expose
             */
            ByteBufferPrototype.readVarint64ZigZag = function(offset) {
                var val = this.readVarint64(offset);
                if (val && val['value'] instanceof Long)
                    val["value"] = ByteBuffer.zigZagDecode64(val["value"]);
                else
                    val = ByteBuffer.zigZagDecode64(val);
                return val;
            };

        } // Long


        // types/strings/cstring

        /**
         * Writes a NULL-terminated UTF8 encoded string. For this to work the specified string must not contain any NULL
         *  characters itself.
         * @param {string} str String to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  contained in `str` + 1 if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} this if offset is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeCString = function(str, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            var i,
                k = str.length;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof str !== 'string')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a string");
                for (i=0; i<k; ++i) {
                    if (str.charCodeAt(i) === 0)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal str: Contains NULL-characters");
                }
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var start = offset;
            // UTF8 strings do not contain zero bytes in between except for the zero character, so:
            k = utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8(stringSource(str))[1];
            offset += k+1;
            var capacity12 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity12)
                this.resize((capacity12 *= 2) > offset ? capacity12 : offset);
            offset -= k+1;
            utfx.encodeUTF16toUTF8(stringSource(str), function(b) {
                this.view.setUint8(offset++, b);
            }.bind(this));
            this.view.setUint8(offset++, 0);
            if (relative) {
                this.offset = offset - start;
                return this;
            }
            return k;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a NULL-terminated UTF8 encoded string. For this to work the string read must not contain any NULL characters
         *  itself.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  read if omitted.
         * @returns {string|!{string: string, length: number}} The string read if offset is omitted, else the string
         *  read and the actual number of bytes read.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readCString = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 1 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+1+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var start = offset,
                temp;
            // UTF8 strings do not contain zero bytes in between except for the zero character itself, so:
            var sd, b = -1;
            utfx.decodeUTF8toUTF16(function() {
                if (b === 0) return null;
                if (offset >= this.limit)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: Truncated data, "+offset+" < "+this.limit);
                return (b = this.view.getUint8(offset++)) === 0 ? null : b;
            }.bind(this), sd = stringDestination(), true);
            if (relative) {
                this.offset = offset;
                return sd();
            } else {
                return {
                    "string": sd(),
                    "length": offset - start
                };
            }
        };

        // types/strings/istring

        /**
         * Writes a length as uint32 prefixed UTF8 encoded string.
         * @param {string} str String to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  written if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} `this` if `offset` is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written
         * @expose
         * @see ByteBuffer#writeVarint32
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeIString = function(str, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof str !== 'string')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a string");
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var start = offset,
                k;
            k = utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8(stringSource(str), this.noAssert)[1];
            offset += 4+k;
            var capacity13 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity13)
                this.resize((capacity13 *= 2) > offset ? capacity13 : offset);
            offset -= 4+k;
            this.view.setUint32(offset, k, this.littleEndian);
            offset += 4;
            utfx.encodeUTF16toUTF8(stringSource(str), function(b) {
                this.view.setUint8(offset++, b);
            }.bind(this));
            if (offset !== start + 4 + k)
                throw RangeError("Illegal range: Truncated data, "+offset+" == "+(offset+4+k));
            if (relative) {
                this.offset = offset;
                return this;
            }
            return offset - start;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a length as uint32 prefixed UTF8 encoded string.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  read if omitted.
         * @returns {string|!{string: string, length: number}} The string read if offset is omitted, else the string
         *  read and the actual number of bytes read.
         * @expose
         * @see ByteBuffer#readVarint32
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readIString = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 4 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+4+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var temp = 0,
                start = offset,
                str;
            temp = this.view.getUint32(offset, this.littleEndian);
            offset += 4;
            var k = offset + temp,
                sd;
            utfx.decodeUTF8toUTF16(function() {
                return offset < k ? this.view.getUint8(offset++) : null;
            }.bind(this), sd = stringDestination(), this.noAssert);
            str = sd();
            if (relative) {
                this.offset = offset;
                return str;
            } else {
                return {
                    'string': str,
                    'length': offset - start
                };
            }
        };

        // types/strings/utf8string

        /**
         * Metrics representing number of UTF8 characters. Evaluates to `c`.
         * @type {string}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.METRICS_CHARS = 'c';

        /**
         * Metrics representing number of bytes. Evaluates to `b`.
         * @type {string}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.METRICS_BYTES = 'b';

        /**
         * Writes an UTF8 encoded string.
         * @param {string} str String to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} this if offset is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeUTF8String = function(str, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var k;
            var start = offset;
            k = utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8(stringSource(str))[1];
            offset += k;
            var capacity14 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity14)
                this.resize((capacity14 *= 2) > offset ? capacity14 : offset);
            offset -= k;
            utfx.encodeUTF16toUTF8(stringSource(str), function(b) {
                this.view.setUint8(offset++, b);
            }.bind(this));
            if (relative) {
                this.offset = offset;
                return this;
            }
            return offset - start;
        };

        /**
         * Writes an UTF8 encoded string. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#writeUTF8String}.
         * @function
         * @param {string} str String to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} this if offset is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeString = ByteBufferPrototype.writeUTF8String;

        /**
         * Calculates the number of UTF8 characters of a string. JavaScript itself uses UTF-16, so that a string's
         *  `length` property does not reflect its actual UTF8 size if it contains code points larger than 0xFFFF.
         * @function
         * @param {string} str String to calculate
         * @returns {number} Number of UTF8 characters
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.calculateUTF8Chars = function(str) {
            return utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8(stringSource(str))[0];
        };

        /**
         * Calculates the number of UTF8 bytes of a string.
         * @function
         * @param {string} str String to calculate
         * @returns {number} Number of UTF8 bytes
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.calculateUTF8Bytes = function(str) {
            return utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8(stringSource(str))[1];
        };

        /**
         * Reads an UTF8 encoded string.
         * @param {number} length Number of characters or bytes to read.
         * @param {string=} metrics Metrics specifying what `length` is meant to count. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.METRICS_CHARS}.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  read if omitted.
         * @returns {string|!{string: string, length: number}} The string read if offset is omitted, else the string
         *  read and the actual number of bytes read.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readUTF8String = function(length, metrics, offset) {
            if (typeof metrics === 'number') {
                offset = metrics;
                metrics = undefined;
            }
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (typeof metrics === 'undefined') metrics = ByteBuffer.METRICS_CHARS;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof length !== 'number' || length % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal length: "+length+" (not an integer)");
                length |= 0;
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var i = 0,
                start = offset,
                sd;
            if (metrics === ByteBuffer.METRICS_CHARS) { // The same for node and the browser
                sd = stringDestination();
                utfx.decodeUTF8(function() {
                    return i < length && offset < this.limit ? this.view.getUint8(offset++) : null;
                }.bind(this), function(cp) {
                    ++i; utfx.UTF8toUTF16(cp, sd);
                }.bind(this));
                if (i !== length)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: Truncated data, "+i+" == "+length);
                if (relative) {
                    this.offset = offset;
                    return sd();
                } else {
                    return {
                        "string": sd(),
                        "length": offset - start
                    };
                }
            } else if (metrics === ByteBuffer.METRICS_BYTES) {
                if (!this.noAssert) {
                    if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                    offset >>>= 0;
                    if (offset < 0 || offset + length > this.buffer.byteLength)
                        throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+length+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
                }
                var k = offset + length;
                utfx.decodeUTF8toUTF16(function() {
                    return offset < k ? this.view.getUint8(offset++) : null;
                }.bind(this), sd = stringDestination(), this.noAssert);
                if (offset !== k)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: Truncated data, "+offset+" == "+k);
                if (relative) {
                    this.offset = offset;
                    return sd();
                } else {
                    return {
                        'string': sd(),
                        'length': offset - start
                    };
                }
            } else
                throw TypeError("Unsupported metrics: "+metrics);
        };

        /**
         * Reads an UTF8 encoded string. This is an alias of {@link ByteBuffer#readUTF8String}.
         * @function
         * @param {number} length Number of characters or bytes to read
         * @param {number=} metrics Metrics specifying what `n` is meant to count. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.METRICS_CHARS}.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  read if omitted.
         * @returns {string|!{string: string, length: number}} The string read if offset is omitted, else the string
         *  read and the actual number of bytes read.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readString = ByteBufferPrototype.readUTF8String;

        // types/strings/vstring

        /**
         * Writes a length as varint32 prefixed UTF8 encoded string.
         * @param {string} str String to write
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to write to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  written if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer|number} `this` if `offset` is omitted, else the actual number of bytes written
         * @expose
         * @see ByteBuffer#writeVarint32
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.writeVString = function(str, offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof str !== 'string')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a string");
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var start = offset,
                k, l;
            k = utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8(stringSource(str), this.noAssert)[1];
            l = ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(k);
            offset += l+k;
            var capacity15 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity15)
                this.resize((capacity15 *= 2) > offset ? capacity15 : offset);
            offset -= l+k;
            offset += this.writeVarint32(k, offset);
            utfx.encodeUTF16toUTF8(stringSource(str), function(b) {
                this.view.setUint8(offset++, b);
            }.bind(this));
            if (offset !== start+k+l)
                throw RangeError("Illegal range: Truncated data, "+offset+" == "+(offset+k+l));
            if (relative) {
                this.offset = offset;
                return this;
            }
            return offset - start;
        };

        /**
         * Reads a length as varint32 prefixed UTF8 encoded string.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to read from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  read if omitted.
         * @returns {string|!{string: string, length: number}} The string read if offset is omitted, else the string
         *  read and the actual number of bytes read.
         * @expose
         * @see ByteBuffer#readVarint32
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.readVString = function(offset) {
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 1 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+1+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var temp = this.readVarint32(offset),
                start = offset,
                str;
            offset += temp['length'];
            temp = temp['value'];
            var k = offset + temp,
                sd = stringDestination();
            utfx.decodeUTF8toUTF16(function() {
                return offset < k ? this.view.getUint8(offset++) : null;
            }.bind(this), sd, this.noAssert);
            str = sd();
            if (relative) {
                this.offset = offset;
                return str;
            } else {
                return {
                    'string': str,
                    'length': offset - start
                };
            }
        };


        /**
         * Appends some data to this ByteBuffer. This will overwrite any contents behind the specified offset up to the appended
         *  data's length.
         * @param {!ByteBuffer|!ArrayBuffer|!Uint8Array|string} source Data to append. If `source` is a ByteBuffer, its offsets
         *  will be modified according to the performed read operation.
         * @param {(string|number)=} encoding Encoding if `data` is a string ("base64", "hex", "binary", defaults to "utf8")
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to append at. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  read if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         * @example A relative `<01 02>03.append(<04 05>)` will result in `<01 02 04 05>, 04 05|`
         * @example An absolute `<01 02>03.append(04 05>, 1)` will result in `<01 04>05, 04 05|`
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.append = function(source, encoding, offset) {
            if (typeof encoding === 'number' || typeof encoding !== 'string') {
                offset = encoding;
                encoding = undefined;
            }
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            if (!(source instanceof ByteBuffer))
                source = ByteBuffer.wrap(source, encoding);
            var length = source.limit - source.offset;
            if (length <= 0) return this; // Nothing to append
            offset += length;
            var capacity16 = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (offset > capacity16)
                this.resize((capacity16 *= 2) > offset ? capacity16 : offset);
            offset -= length;
            new Uint8Array(this.buffer, offset).set(new Uint8Array(source.buffer).subarray(source.offset, source.limit));
            source.offset += length;
            if (relative) this.offset += length;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Appends this ByteBuffer's contents to another ByteBuffer. This will overwrite any contents behind the specified
         *  offset up to the length of this ByteBuffer's data.
         * @param {!ByteBuffer} target Target ByteBuffer
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to append to. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  read if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         * @see ByteBuffer#append
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.appendTo = function(target, offset) {
            target.append(this, offset);
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Enables or disables assertions of argument types and offsets. Assertions are enabled by default but you can opt to
         *  disable them if your code already makes sure that everything is valid.
         * @param {boolean} assert `true` to enable assertions, otherwise `false`
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.assert = function(assert) {
            this.noAssert = !assert;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Gets the capacity of this ByteBuffer's backing buffer.
         * @returns {number} Capacity of the backing buffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.capacity = function() {
            return this.buffer.byteLength;
        };

        /**
         * Clears this ByteBuffer's offsets by setting {@link ByteBuffer#offset} to `0` and {@link ByteBuffer#limit} to the
         *  backing buffer's capacity. Discards {@link ByteBuffer#markedOffset}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.clear = function() {
            this.offset = 0;
            this.limit = this.buffer.byteLength;
            this.markedOffset = -1;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Creates a cloned instance of this ByteBuffer, preset with this ByteBuffer's values for {@link ByteBuffer#offset},
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#markedOffset} and {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @param {boolean=} copy Whether to copy the backing buffer or to return another view on the same, defaults to `false`
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} Cloned instance
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.clone = function(copy) {
            var bb = new ByteBuffer(0, this.littleEndian, this.noAssert);
            if (copy) {
                var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(this.buffer.byteLength);
                new Uint8Array(buffer).set(this.buffer);
                bb.buffer = buffer;
                bb.view = new DataView(buffer);
            } else {
                bb.buffer = this.buffer;
                bb.view = this.view;
            }
            bb.offset = this.offset;
            bb.markedOffset = this.markedOffset;
            bb.limit = this.limit;
            return bb;
        };

        /**
         * Compacts this ByteBuffer to be backed by a {@link ByteBuffer#buffer} of its contents' length. Contents are the bytes
         *  between {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and {@link ByteBuffer#limit}. Will set `offset = 0` and `limit = capacity` and
         *  adapt {@link ByteBuffer#markedOffset} to the same relative position if set.
         * @param {number=} begin Offset to start at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}
         * @param {number=} end Offset to end at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.compact = function(begin, end) {
            if (typeof begin === 'undefined') begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof end === 'undefined') end = this.limit;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            if (begin === 0 && end === this.buffer.byteLength)
                return this; // Already compacted
            var len = end - begin;
            if (len === 0) {
                this.buffer = EMPTY_BUFFER;
                this.view = null;
                if (this.markedOffset >= 0) this.markedOffset -= begin;
                this.offset = 0;
                this.limit = 0;
                return this;
            }
            var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(len);
            new Uint8Array(buffer).set(new Uint8Array(this.buffer).subarray(begin, end));
            this.buffer = buffer;
            this.view = new DataView(buffer);
            if (this.markedOffset >= 0) this.markedOffset -= begin;
            this.offset = 0;
            this.limit = len;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Creates a copy of this ByteBuffer's contents. Contents are the bytes between {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @param {number=} begin Begin offset, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}.
         * @param {number=} end End offset, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} Copy
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.copy = function(begin, end) {
            if (typeof begin === 'undefined') begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof end === 'undefined') end = this.limit;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            if (begin === end)
                return new ByteBuffer(0, this.littleEndian, this.noAssert);
            var capacity = end - begin,
                bb = new ByteBuffer(capacity, this.littleEndian, this.noAssert);
            bb.offset = 0;
            bb.limit = capacity;
            if (bb.markedOffset >= 0) bb.markedOffset -= begin;
            this.copyTo(bb, 0, begin, end);
            return bb;
        };

        /**
         * Copies this ByteBuffer's contents to another ByteBuffer. Contents are the bytes between {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @param {!ByteBuffer} target Target ByteBuffer
         * @param {number=} targetOffset Offset to copy to. Will use and increase the target's {@link ByteBuffer#offset}
         *  by the number of bytes copied if omitted.
         * @param {number=} sourceOffset Offset to start copying from. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the
         *  number of bytes copied if omitted.
         * @param {number=} sourceLimit Offset to end copying from, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.copyTo = function(target, targetOffset, sourceOffset, sourceLimit) {
            var relative,
                targetRelative;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (!ByteBuffer.isByteBuffer(target))
                    throw TypeError("Illegal target: Not a ByteBuffer");
            }
            targetOffset = (targetRelative = typeof targetOffset === 'undefined') ? target.offset : targetOffset | 0;
            sourceOffset = (relative = typeof sourceOffset === 'undefined') ? this.offset : sourceOffset | 0;
            sourceLimit = typeof sourceLimit === 'undefined' ? this.limit : sourceLimit | 0;

            if (targetOffset < 0 || targetOffset > target.buffer.byteLength)
                throw RangeError("Illegal target range: 0 <= "+targetOffset+" <= "+target.buffer.byteLength);
            if (sourceOffset < 0 || sourceLimit > this.buffer.byteLength)
                throw RangeError("Illegal source range: 0 <= "+sourceOffset+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);

            var len = sourceLimit - sourceOffset;
            if (len === 0)
                return target; // Nothing to copy

            target.ensureCapacity(targetOffset + len);

            new Uint8Array(target.buffer).set(new Uint8Array(this.buffer).subarray(sourceOffset, sourceLimit), targetOffset);

            if (relative) this.offset += len;
            if (targetRelative) target.offset += len;

            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Makes sure that this ByteBuffer is backed by a {@link ByteBuffer#buffer} of at least the specified capacity. If the
         *  current capacity is exceeded, it will be doubled. If double the current capacity is less than the required capacity,
         *  the required capacity will be used instead.
         * @param {number} capacity Required capacity
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.ensureCapacity = function(capacity) {
            var current = this.buffer.byteLength;
            if (current < capacity)
                return this.resize((current *= 2) > capacity ? current : capacity);
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Overwrites this ByteBuffer's contents with the specified value. Contents are the bytes between
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @param {number|string} value Byte value to fill with. If given as a string, the first character is used.
         * @param {number=} begin Begin offset. Will use and increase {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  written if omitted. defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}.
         * @param {number=} end End offset, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         * @example `someByteBuffer.clear().fill(0)` fills the entire backing buffer with zeroes
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.fill = function(value, begin, end) {
            var relative = typeof begin === 'undefined';
            if (relative) begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0)
                value = value.charCodeAt(0);
            if (typeof begin === 'undefined') begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof end === 'undefined') end = this.limit;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof value !== 'number' || value % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal value: "+value+" (not an integer)");
                value |= 0;
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            if (begin >= end)
                return this; // Nothing to fill
            while (begin < end) this.view.setUint8(begin++, value);
            if (relative) this.offset = begin;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Makes this ByteBuffer ready for a new sequence of write or relative read operations. Sets `limit = offset` and
         *  `offset = 0`. Make sure always to flip a ByteBuffer when all relative read or write operations are complete.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.flip = function() {
            this.limit = this.offset;
            this.offset = 0;
            return this;
        };
        /**
         * Marks an offset on this ByteBuffer to be used later.
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to mark. Defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @throws {TypeError} If `offset` is not a valid number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset` is out of bounds
         * @see ByteBuffer#reset
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.mark = function(offset) {
            offset = typeof offset === 'undefined' ? this.offset : offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            this.markedOffset = offset;
            return this;
        };
        /**
         * Sets the byte order.
         * @param {boolean} littleEndian `true` for little endian byte order, `false` for big endian
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.order = function(littleEndian) {
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof littleEndian !== 'boolean')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal littleEndian: Not a boolean");
            }
            this.littleEndian = !!littleEndian;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Switches (to) little endian byte order.
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Defaults to `true`, otherwise uses big endian
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.LE = function(littleEndian) {
            this.littleEndian = typeof littleEndian !== 'undefined' ? !!littleEndian : true;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Switches (to) big endian byte order.
         * @param {boolean=} bigEndian Defaults to `true`, otherwise uses little endian
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.BE = function(bigEndian) {
            this.littleEndian = typeof bigEndian !== 'undefined' ? !bigEndian : false;
            return this;
        };
        /**
         * Prepends some data to this ByteBuffer. This will overwrite any contents before the specified offset up to the
         *  prepended data's length. If there is not enough space available before the specified `offset`, the backing buffer
         *  will be resized and its contents moved accordingly.
         * @param {!ByteBuffer|string|!ArrayBuffer} source Data to prepend. If `source` is a ByteBuffer, its offset will be
         *  modified according to the performed read operation.
         * @param {(string|number)=} encoding Encoding if `data` is a string ("base64", "hex", "binary", defaults to "utf8")
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to prepend at. Will use and decrease {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  prepended if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         * @example A relative `00<01 02 03>.prepend(<04 05>)` results in `<04 05 01 02 03>, 04 05|`
         * @example An absolute `00<01 02 03>.prepend(<04 05>, 2)` results in `04<05 02 03>, 04 05|`
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.prepend = function(source, encoding, offset) {
            if (typeof encoding === 'number' || typeof encoding !== 'string') {
                offset = encoding;
                encoding = undefined;
            }
            var relative = typeof offset === 'undefined';
            if (relative) offset = this.offset;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: "+offset+" (not an integer)");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset + 0 > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal offset: 0 <= "+offset+" (+"+0+") <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            if (!(source instanceof ByteBuffer))
                source = ByteBuffer.wrap(source, encoding);
            var len = source.limit - source.offset;
            if (len <= 0) return this; // Nothing to prepend
            var diff = len - offset;
            var arrayView;
            if (diff > 0) { // Not enough space before offset, so resize + move
                var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(this.buffer.byteLength + diff);
                arrayView = new Uint8Array(buffer);
                arrayView.set(new Uint8Array(this.buffer).subarray(offset, this.buffer.byteLength), len);
                this.buffer = buffer;
                this.view = new DataView(buffer);
                this.offset += diff;
                if (this.markedOffset >= 0) this.markedOffset += diff;
                this.limit += diff;
                offset += diff;
            } else {
                arrayView = new Uint8Array(this.buffer);
            }
            arrayView.set(new Uint8Array(source.buffer).subarray(source.offset, source.limit), offset - len);
            source.offset = source.limit;
            if (relative)
                this.offset -= len;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Prepends this ByteBuffer to another ByteBuffer. This will overwrite any contents before the specified offset up to the
         *  prepended data's length. If there is not enough space available before the specified `offset`, the backing buffer
         *  will be resized and its contents moved accordingly.
         * @param {!ByteBuffer} target Target ByteBuffer
         * @param {number=} offset Offset to prepend at. Will use and decrease {@link ByteBuffer#offset} by the number of bytes
         *  prepended if omitted.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         * @see ByteBuffer#prepend
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.prependTo = function(target, offset) {
            target.prepend(this, offset);
            return this;
        };
        /**
         * Prints debug information about this ByteBuffer's contents.
         * @param {function(string)=} out Output function to call, defaults to console.log
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.printDebug = function(out) {
            if (typeof out !== 'function') out = console.log.bind(console);
            out(
                this.toString()+"\n"+
                "-------------------------------------------------------------------\n"+
                this.toDebug(/* columns */ true)
            );
        };

        /**
         * Gets the number of remaining readable bytes. Contents are the bytes between {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#limit}, so this returns `limit - offset`.
         * @returns {number} Remaining readable bytes. May be negative if `offset > limit`.
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.remaining = function() {
            return this.limit - this.offset;
        };
        /**
         * Resets this ByteBuffer's {@link ByteBuffer#offset}. If an offset has been marked through {@link ByteBuffer#mark}
         *  before, `offset` will be set to {@link ByteBuffer#markedOffset}, which will then be discarded. If no offset has been
         *  marked, sets `offset = 0`.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @see ByteBuffer#mark
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.reset = function() {
            if (this.markedOffset >= 0) {
                this.offset = this.markedOffset;
                this.markedOffset = -1;
            } else {
                this.offset = 0;
            }
            return this;
        };
        /**
         * Resizes this ByteBuffer to be backed by a buffer of at least the given capacity. Will do nothing if already that
         *  large or larger.
         * @param {number} capacity Capacity required
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @throws {TypeError} If `capacity` is not a number
         * @throws {RangeError} If `capacity < 0`
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.resize = function(capacity) {
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof capacity !== 'number' || capacity % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal capacity: "+capacity+" (not an integer)");
                capacity |= 0;
                if (capacity < 0)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal capacity: 0 <= "+capacity);
            }
            if (this.buffer.byteLength < capacity) {
                var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(capacity);
                new Uint8Array(buffer).set(new Uint8Array(this.buffer));
                this.buffer = buffer;
                this.view = new DataView(buffer);
            }
            return this;
        };
        /**
         * Reverses this ByteBuffer's contents.
         * @param {number=} begin Offset to start at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}
         * @param {number=} end Offset to end at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.reverse = function(begin, end) {
            if (typeof begin === 'undefined') begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof end === 'undefined') end = this.limit;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            if (begin === end)
                return this; // Nothing to reverse
            Array.prototype.reverse.call(new Uint8Array(this.buffer).subarray(begin, end));
            this.view = new DataView(this.buffer); // FIXME: Why exactly is this necessary?
            return this;
        };
        /**
         * Skips the next `length` bytes. This will just advance
         * @param {number} length Number of bytes to skip. May also be negative to move the offset back.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} this
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.skip = function(length) {
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof length !== 'number' || length % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal length: "+length+" (not an integer)");
                length |= 0;
            }
            var offset = this.offset + length;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (offset < 0 || offset > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal length: 0 <= "+this.offset+" + "+length+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            this.offset = offset;
            return this;
        };

        /**
         * Slices this ByteBuffer by creating a cloned instance with `offset = begin` and `limit = end`.
         * @param {number=} begin Begin offset, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}.
         * @param {number=} end End offset, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} Clone of this ByteBuffer with slicing applied, backed by the same {@link ByteBuffer#buffer}
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.slice = function(begin, end) {
            if (typeof begin === 'undefined') begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof end === 'undefined') end = this.limit;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var bb = this.clone();
            bb.offset = begin;
            bb.limit = end;
            return bb;
        };
        /**
         * Returns a copy of the backing buffer that contains this ByteBuffer's contents. Contents are the bytes between
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and {@link ByteBuffer#limit}. Will transparently {@link ByteBuffer#flip} this
         *  ByteBuffer if `offset > limit` but the actual offsets remain untouched.
         * @param {boolean=} forceCopy If `true` returns a copy, otherwise returns a view referencing the same memory if
         *  possible. Defaults to `false`
         * @returns {!ArrayBuffer} Contents as an ArrayBuffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toBuffer = function(forceCopy) {
            var offset = this.offset,
                limit = this.limit;
            if (offset > limit) {
                var t = offset;
                offset = limit;
                limit = t;
            }
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof offset !== 'number' || offset % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal offset: Not an integer");
                offset >>>= 0;
                if (typeof limit !== 'number' || limit % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal limit: Not an integer");
                limit >>>= 0;
                if (offset < 0 || offset > limit || limit > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+offset+" <= "+limit+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            // NOTE: It's not possible to have another ArrayBuffer reference the same memory as the backing buffer. This is
            // possible with Uint8Array#subarray only, but we have to return an ArrayBuffer by contract. So:
            if (!forceCopy && offset === 0 && limit === this.buffer.byteLength) {
                return this.buffer;
            }
            if (offset === limit) {
                return EMPTY_BUFFER;
            }
            var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(limit - offset);
            new Uint8Array(buffer).set(new Uint8Array(this.buffer).subarray(offset, limit), 0);
            return buffer;
        };

        /**
         * Returns a raw buffer compacted to contain this ByteBuffer's contents. Contents are the bytes between
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and {@link ByteBuffer#limit}. Will transparently {@link ByteBuffer#flip} this
         *  ByteBuffer if `offset > limit` but the actual offsets remain untouched. This is an alias of
         *  {@link ByteBuffer#toBuffer}.
         * @function
         * @param {boolean=} forceCopy If `true` returns a copy, otherwise returns a view referencing the same memory.
         *  Defaults to `false`
         * @returns {!ArrayBuffer} Contents as an ArrayBuffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toArrayBuffer = ByteBufferPrototype.toBuffer;


        /**
         * Converts the ByteBuffer's contents to a string.
         * @param {string=} encoding Output encoding. Returns an informative string representation if omitted but also allows
         *  direct conversion to "utf8", "hex", "base64" and "binary" encoding. "debug" returns a hex representation with
         *  highlighted offsets.
         * @param {number=} begin Offset to begin at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}
         * @param {number=} end Offset to end at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}
         * @returns {string} String representation
         * @throws {Error} If `encoding` is invalid
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toString = function(encoding, begin, end) {
            if (typeof encoding === 'undefined')
                return "ByteBufferAB(offset="+this.offset+",markedOffset="+this.markedOffset+",limit="+this.limit+",capacity="+this.capacity()+")";
            if (typeof encoding === 'number')
                encoding = "utf8",
                begin = encoding,
                end = begin;
            switch (encoding) {
                case "utf8":
                    return this.toUTF8(begin, end);
                case "base64":
                    return this.toBase64(begin, end);
                case "hex":
                    return this.toHex(begin, end);
                case "binary":
                    return this.toBinary(begin, end);
                case "debug":
                    return this.toDebug();
                case "columns":
                    return this.toColumns();
                default:
                    throw Error("Unsupported encoding: "+encoding);
            }
        };

        // lxiv-embeddable

        /**
         * lxiv-embeddable (c) 2014 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>
         * Released under the Apache License, Version 2.0
         * see: https://github.com/dcodeIO/lxiv for details
         */
        var lxiv = function() {
            "use strict";

            /**
             * lxiv namespace.
             * @type {!Object.<string,*>}
             * @exports lxiv
             */
            var lxiv = {};

            /**
             * Character codes for output.
             * @type {!Array.<number>}
             * @inner
             */
            var aout = [
                65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
                81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,
                103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
                119, 120, 121, 122, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 43, 47
            ];

            /**
             * Character codes for input.
             * @type {!Array.<number>}
             * @inner
             */
            var ain = [];
            for (var i=0, k=aout.length; i<k; ++i)
                ain[aout[i]] = i;

            /**
             * Encodes bytes to base64 char codes.
             * @param {!function():number|null} src Bytes source as a function returning the next byte respectively `null` if
             *  there are no more bytes left.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Characters destination as a function successively called with each encoded char
             *  code.
             */
            lxiv.encode = function(src, dst) {
                var b, t;
                while ((b = src()) !== null) {
                    dst(aout[(b>>2)&0x3f]);
                    t = (b&0x3)<<4;
                    if ((b = src()) !== null) {
                        t |= (b>>4)&0xf;
                        dst(aout[(t|((b>>4)&0xf))&0x3f]);
                        t = (b&0xf)<<2;
                        if ((b = src()) !== null)
                            dst(aout[(t|((b>>6)&0x3))&0x3f]),
                            dst(aout[b&0x3f]);
                        else
                            dst(aout[t&0x3f]),
                            dst(61);
                    } else
                        dst(aout[t&0x3f]),
                        dst(61),
                        dst(61);
                }
            };

            /**
             * Decodes base64 char codes to bytes.
             * @param {!function():number|null} src Characters source as a function returning the next char code respectively
             *  `null` if there are no more characters left.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Bytes destination as a function successively called with the next byte.
             * @throws {Error} If a character code is invalid
             */
            lxiv.decode = function(src, dst) {
                var c, t1, t2;
                function fail(c) {
                    throw Error("Illegal character code: "+c);
                }
                while ((c = src()) !== null) {
                    t1 = ain[c];
                    if (typeof t1 === 'undefined') fail(c);
                    if ((c = src()) !== null) {
                        t2 = ain[c];
                        if (typeof t2 === 'undefined') fail(c);
                        dst((t1<<2)>>>0|(t2&0x30)>>4);
                        if ((c = src()) !== null) {
                            t1 = ain[c];
                            if (typeof t1 === 'undefined')
                                if (c === 61) break; else fail(c);
                            dst(((t2&0xf)<<4)>>>0|(t1&0x3c)>>2);
                            if ((c = src()) !== null) {
                                t2 = ain[c];
                                if (typeof t2 === 'undefined')
                                    if (c === 61) break; else fail(c);
                                dst(((t1&0x3)<<6)>>>0|t2);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            };

            /**
             * Tests if a string is valid base64.
             * @param {string} str String to test
             * @returns {boolean} `true` if valid, otherwise `false`
             */
            lxiv.test = function(str) {
                return /^(?:[A-Za-z0-9+/]{4})*(?:[A-Za-z0-9+/]{2}==|[A-Za-z0-9+/]{3}=)?$/.test(str);
            };

            return lxiv;
        }();

        // encodings/base64

        /**
         * Encodes this ByteBuffer's contents to a base64 encoded string.
         * @param {number=} begin Offset to begin at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}.
         * @param {number=} end Offset to end at, defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @returns {string} Base64 encoded string
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toBase64 = function(begin, end) {
            if (typeof begin === 'undefined')
                begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof end === 'undefined')
                end = this.limit;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var sd; lxiv.encode(function() {
                return begin < end ? this.view.getUint8(begin++) : null;
            }.bind(this), sd = stringDestination());
            return sd();
        };

        /**
         * Decodes a base64 encoded string to a ByteBuffer.
         * @param {string} str String to decode
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} ByteBuffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.fromBase64 = function(str, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            if (!noAssert) {
                if (typeof str !== 'string')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a string");
                if (str.length % 4 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Length not a multiple of 4");
            }
            var bb = new ByteBuffer(str.length/4*3, littleEndian, noAssert),
                i = 0;
            lxiv.decode(stringSource(str), function(b) {
                bb.view.setUint8(i++, b);
            });
            bb.limit = i;
            return bb;
        };

        /**
         * Encodes a binary string to base64 like `window.btoa` does.
         * @param {string} str Binary string
         * @returns {string} Base64 encoded string
         * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window.btoa
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.btoa = function(str) {
            return ByteBuffer.fromBinary(str).toBase64();
        };

        /**
         * Decodes a base64 encoded string to binary like `window.atob` does.
         * @param {string} b64 Base64 encoded string
         * @returns {string} Binary string
         * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window.atob
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.atob = function(b64) {
            return ByteBuffer.fromBase64(b64).toBinary();
        };

        // encodings/binary

        /**
         * Encodes this ByteBuffer to a binary encoded string, that is using only characters 0x00-0xFF as bytes.
         * @param {number=} begin Offset to begin at. Defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}.
         * @param {number=} end Offset to end at. Defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @returns {string} Binary encoded string
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset > limit`
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toBinary = function(begin, end) {
            begin = typeof begin === 'undefined' ? this.offset : begin;
            end = typeof end === 'undefined' ? this.limit : end;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            if (begin === end)
                return "";
            var cc = [], pt = [];
            while (begin < end) {
                cc.push(this.view.getUint8(begin++));
                if (cc.length >= 1024)
                    pt.push(String.fromCharCode.apply(String, cc)),
                    cc = [];
            }
            return pt.join('') + String.fromCharCode.apply(String, cc);
        };

        /**
         * Decodes a binary encoded string, that is using only characters 0x00-0xFF as bytes, to a ByteBuffer.
         * @param {string} str String to decode
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} ByteBuffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.fromBinary = function(str, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            if (!noAssert) {
                if (typeof str !== 'string')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a string");
            }
            var i = 0, k = str.length, charCode,
                bb = new ByteBuffer(k, littleEndian, noAssert);
            while (i<k) {
                charCode = str.charCodeAt(i);
                if (!noAssert && charCode > 255)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal charCode at "+i+": 0 <= "+charCode+" <= 255");
                bb.view.setUint8(i++, charCode);
            }
            bb.limit = k;
            return bb;
        };

        // encodings/debug

        /**
         * Encodes this ByteBuffer to a hex encoded string with marked offsets. Offset symbols are:
         * * `<` : offset,
         * * `'` : markedOffset,
         * * `>` : limit,
         * * `|` : offset and limit,
         * * `[` : offset and markedOffset,
         * * `]` : markedOffset and limit,
         * * `!` : offset, markedOffset and limit
         * @param {boolean=} columns If `true` returns two columns hex + ascii, defaults to `false`
         * @returns {string|!Array.<string>} Debug string or array of lines if `asArray = true`
         * @expose
         * @example `>00'01 02<03` contains four bytes with `limit=0, markedOffset=1, offset=3`
         * @example `00[01 02 03>` contains four bytes with `offset=markedOffset=1, limit=4`
         * @example `00|01 02 03` contains four bytes with `offset=limit=1, markedOffset=-1`
         * @example `|` contains zero bytes with `offset=limit=0, markedOffset=-1`
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toDebug = function(columns) {
            var i = -1,
                k = this.buffer.byteLength,
                b,
                hex = "",
                asc = "",
                out = "";
            while (i<k) {
                if (i !== -1) {
                    b = this.view.getUint8(i);
                    if (b < 0x10) hex += "0"+b.toString(16).toUpperCase();
                    else hex += b.toString(16).toUpperCase();
                    if (columns) {
                        asc += b > 32 && b < 127 ? String.fromCharCode(b) : '.';
                    }
                }
                ++i;
                if (columns) {
                    if (i > 0 && i % 16 === 0 && i !== k) {
                        while (hex.length < 3*16+3) hex += " ";
                        out += hex+asc+"\n";
                        hex = asc = "";
                    }
                }
                if (i === this.offset && i === this.limit)
                    hex += i === this.markedOffset ? "!" : "|";
                else if (i === this.offset)
                    hex += i === this.markedOffset ? "[" : "<";
                else if (i === this.limit)
                    hex += i === this.markedOffset ? "]" : ">";
                else
                    hex += i === this.markedOffset ? "'" : (columns || (i !== 0 && i !== k) ? " " : "");
            }
            if (columns && hex !== " ") {
                while (hex.length < 3*16+3) hex += " ";
                out += hex+asc+"\n";
            }
            return columns ? out : hex;
        };

        /**
         * Decodes a hex encoded string with marked offsets to a ByteBuffer.
         * @param {string} str Debug string to decode (not be generated with `columns = true`)
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} ByteBuffer
         * @expose
         * @see ByteBuffer#toDebug
         */
        ByteBuffer.fromDebug = function(str, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            var k = str.length,
                bb = new ByteBuffer(((k+1)/3)|0, littleEndian, noAssert);
            var i = 0, j = 0, ch, b,
                rs = false, // Require symbol next
                ho = false, hm = false, hl = false, // Already has offset, markedOffset, limit?
                fail = false;
            while (i<k) {
                switch (ch = str.charAt(i++)) {
                    case '!':
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (ho || hm || hl) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                            ho = hm = hl = true;
                        }
                        bb.offset = bb.markedOffset = bb.limit = j;
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    case '|':
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (ho || hl) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                            ho = hl = true;
                        }
                        bb.offset = bb.limit = j;
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    case '[':
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (ho || hm) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                            ho = hm = true;
                        }
                        bb.offset = bb.markedOffset = j;
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    case '<':
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (ho) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                            ho = true;
                        }
                        bb.offset = j;
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    case ']':
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (hl || hm) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                            hl = hm = true;
                        }
                        bb.limit = bb.markedOffset = j;
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    case '>':
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (hl) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                            hl = true;
                        }
                        bb.limit = j;
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    case "'":
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (hm) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                            hm = true;
                        }
                        bb.markedOffset = j;
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    case ' ':
                        rs = false;
                        break;
                    default:
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (rs) {
                                fail = true; break;
                            }
                        }
                        b = parseInt(ch+str.charAt(i++), 16);
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (isNaN(b) || b < 0 || b > 255)
                                throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a debug encoded string");
                        }
                        bb.view.setUint8(j++, b);
                        rs = true;
                }
                if (fail)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Invalid symbol at "+i);
            }
            if (!noAssert) {
                if (!ho || !hl)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Missing offset or limit");
                if (j<bb.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a debug encoded string (is it hex?) "+j+" < "+k);
            }
            return bb;
        };

        // encodings/hex

        /**
         * Encodes this ByteBuffer's contents to a hex encoded string.
         * @param {number=} begin Offset to begin at. Defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#offset}.
         * @param {number=} end Offset to end at. Defaults to {@link ByteBuffer#limit}.
         * @returns {string} Hex encoded string
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toHex = function(begin, end) {
            begin = typeof begin === 'undefined' ? this.offset : begin;
            end = typeof end === 'undefined' ? this.limit : end;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var out = new Array(end - begin),
                b;
            while (begin < end) {
                b = this.view.getUint8(begin++);
                if (b < 0x10)
                    out.push("0", b.toString(16));
                else out.push(b.toString(16));
            }
            return out.join('');
        };

        /**
         * Decodes a hex encoded string to a ByteBuffer.
         * @param {string} str String to decode
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} ByteBuffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.fromHex = function(str, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            if (!noAssert) {
                if (typeof str !== 'string')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a string");
                if (str.length % 2 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Length not a multiple of 2");
            }
            var k = str.length,
                bb = new ByteBuffer((k / 2) | 0, littleEndian),
                b;
            for (var i=0, j=0; i<k; i+=2) {
                b = parseInt(str.substring(i, i+2), 16);
                if (!noAssert)
                    if (!isFinite(b) || b < 0 || b > 255)
                        throw TypeError("Illegal str: Contains non-hex characters");
                bb.view.setUint8(j++, b);
            }
            bb.limit = j;
            return bb;
        };

        // utfx-embeddable

        /**
         * utfx-embeddable (c) 2014 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>
         * Released under the Apache License, Version 2.0
         * see: https://github.com/dcodeIO/utfx for details
         */
        var utfx = function() {
            "use strict";

            /**
             * utfx namespace.
             * @inner
             * @type {!Object.<string,*>}
             */
            var utfx = {};

            /**
             * Maximum valid code point.
             * @type {number}
             * @const
             */
            utfx.MAX_CODEPOINT = 0x10FFFF;

            /**
             * Encodes UTF8 code points to UTF8 bytes.
             * @param {(!function():number|null) | number} src Code points source, either as a function returning the next code point
             *  respectively `null` if there are no more code points left or a single numeric code point.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Bytes destination as a function successively called with the next byte
             */
            utfx.encodeUTF8 = function(src, dst) {
                var cp = null;
                if (typeof src === 'number')
                    cp = src,
                    src = function() { return null; };
                while (cp !== null || (cp = src()) !== null) {
                    if (cp < 0x80)
                        dst(cp&0x7F);
                    else if (cp < 0x800)
                        dst(((cp>>6)&0x1F)|0xC0),
                        dst((cp&0x3F)|0x80);
                    else if (cp < 0x10000)
                        dst(((cp>>12)&0x0F)|0xE0),
                        dst(((cp>>6)&0x3F)|0x80),
                        dst((cp&0x3F)|0x80);
                    else
                        dst(((cp>>18)&0x07)|0xF0),
                        dst(((cp>>12)&0x3F)|0x80),
                        dst(((cp>>6)&0x3F)|0x80),
                        dst((cp&0x3F)|0x80);
                    cp = null;
                }
            };

            /**
             * Decodes UTF8 bytes to UTF8 code points.
             * @param {!function():number|null} src Bytes source as a function returning the next byte respectively `null` if there
             *  are no more bytes left.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Code points destination as a function successively called with each decoded code point.
             * @throws {RangeError} If a starting byte is invalid in UTF8
             * @throws {Error} If the last sequence is truncated. Has an array property `bytes` holding the
             *  remaining bytes.
             */
            utfx.decodeUTF8 = function(src, dst) {
                var a, b, c, d, fail = function(b) {
                    b = b.slice(0, b.indexOf(null));
                    var err = Error(b.toString());
                    err.name = "TruncatedError";
                    err['bytes'] = b;
                    throw err;
                };
                while ((a = src()) !== null) {
                    if ((a&0x80) === 0)
                        dst(a);
                    else if ((a&0xE0) === 0xC0)
                        ((b = src()) === null) && fail([a, b]),
                        dst(((a&0x1F)<<6) | (b&0x3F));
                    else if ((a&0xF0) === 0xE0)
                        ((b=src()) === null || (c=src()) === null) && fail([a, b, c]),
                        dst(((a&0x0F)<<12) | ((b&0x3F)<<6) | (c&0x3F));
                    else if ((a&0xF8) === 0xF0)
                        ((b=src()) === null || (c=src()) === null || (d=src()) === null) && fail([a, b, c ,d]),
                        dst(((a&0x07)<<18) | ((b&0x3F)<<12) | ((c&0x3F)<<6) | (d&0x3F));
                    else throw RangeError("Illegal starting byte: "+a);
                }
            };

            /**
             * Converts UTF16 characters to UTF8 code points.
             * @param {!function():number|null} src Characters source as a function returning the next char code respectively
             *  `null` if there are no more characters left.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Code points destination as a function successively called with each converted code
             *  point.
             */
            utfx.UTF16toUTF8 = function(src, dst) {
                var c1, c2 = null;
                while (true) {
                    if ((c1 = c2 !== null ? c2 : src()) === null)
                        break;
                    if (c1 >= 0xD800 && c1 <= 0xDFFF) {
                        if ((c2 = src()) !== null) {
                            if (c2 >= 0xDC00 && c2 <= 0xDFFF) {
                                dst((c1-0xD800)*0x400+c2-0xDC00+0x10000);
                                c2 = null; continue;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    dst(c1);
                }
                if (c2 !== null) dst(c2);
            };

            /**
             * Converts UTF8 code points to UTF16 characters.
             * @param {(!function():number|null) | number} src Code points source, either as a function returning the next code point
             *  respectively `null` if there are no more code points left or a single numeric code point.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Characters destination as a function successively called with each converted char code.
             * @throws {RangeError} If a code point is out of range
             */
            utfx.UTF8toUTF16 = function(src, dst) {
                var cp = null;
                if (typeof src === 'number')
                    cp = src, src = function() { return null; };
                while (cp !== null || (cp = src()) !== null) {
                    if (cp <= 0xFFFF)
                        dst(cp);
                    else
                        cp -= 0x10000,
                        dst((cp>>10)+0xD800),
                        dst((cp%0x400)+0xDC00);
                    cp = null;
                }
            };

            /**
             * Converts and encodes UTF16 characters to UTF8 bytes.
             * @param {!function():number|null} src Characters source as a function returning the next char code respectively `null`
             *  if there are no more characters left.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Bytes destination as a function successively called with the next byte.
             */
            utfx.encodeUTF16toUTF8 = function(src, dst) {
                utfx.UTF16toUTF8(src, function(cp) {
                    utfx.encodeUTF8(cp, dst);
                });
            };

            /**
             * Decodes and converts UTF8 bytes to UTF16 characters.
             * @param {!function():number|null} src Bytes source as a function returning the next byte respectively `null` if there
             *  are no more bytes left.
             * @param {!function(number)} dst Characters destination as a function successively called with each converted char code.
             * @throws {RangeError} If a starting byte is invalid in UTF8
             * @throws {Error} If the last sequence is truncated. Has an array property `bytes` holding the remaining bytes.
             */
            utfx.decodeUTF8toUTF16 = function(src, dst) {
                utfx.decodeUTF8(src, function(cp) {
                    utfx.UTF8toUTF16(cp, dst);
                });
            };

            /**
             * Calculates the byte length of an UTF8 code point.
             * @param {number} cp UTF8 code point
             * @returns {number} Byte length
             */
            utfx.calculateCodePoint = function(cp) {
                return (cp < 0x80) ? 1 : (cp < 0x800) ? 2 : (cp < 0x10000) ? 3 : 4;
            };

            /**
             * Calculates the number of UTF8 bytes required to store UTF8 code points.
             * @param {(!function():number|null)} src Code points source as a function returning the next code point respectively
             *  `null` if there are no more code points left.
             * @returns {number} The number of UTF8 bytes required
             */
            utfx.calculateUTF8 = function(src) {
                var cp, l=0;
                while ((cp = src()) !== null)
                    l += utfx.calculateCodePoint(cp);
                return l;
            };

            /**
             * Calculates the number of UTF8 code points respectively UTF8 bytes required to store UTF16 char codes.
             * @param {(!function():number|null)} src Characters source as a function returning the next char code respectively
             *  `null` if there are no more characters left.
             * @returns {!Array.<number>} The number of UTF8 code points at index 0 and the number of UTF8 bytes required at index 1.
             */
            utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8 = function(src) {
                var n=0, l=0;
                utfx.UTF16toUTF8(src, function(cp) {
                    ++n; l += utfx.calculateCodePoint(cp);
                });
                return [n,l];
            };

            return utfx;
        }();

        // encodings/utf8

        /**
         * Encodes this ByteBuffer's contents between {@link ByteBuffer#offset} and {@link ByteBuffer#limit} to an UTF8 encoded
         *  string.
         * @returns {string} Hex encoded string
         * @throws {RangeError} If `offset > limit`
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBufferPrototype.toUTF8 = function(begin, end) {
            if (typeof begin === 'undefined') begin = this.offset;
            if (typeof end === 'undefined') end = this.limit;
            if (!this.noAssert) {
                if (typeof begin !== 'number' || begin % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal begin: Not an integer");
                begin >>>= 0;
                if (typeof end !== 'number' || end % 1 !== 0)
                    throw TypeError("Illegal end: Not an integer");
                end >>>= 0;
                if (begin < 0 || begin > end || end > this.buffer.byteLength)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: 0 <= "+begin+" <= "+end+" <= "+this.buffer.byteLength);
            }
            var sd; try {
                utfx.decodeUTF8toUTF16(function() {
                    return begin < end ? this.view.getUint8(begin++) : null;
                }.bind(this), sd = stringDestination());
            } catch (e) {
                if (begin !== end)
                    throw RangeError("Illegal range: Truncated data, "+begin+" != "+end);
            }
            return sd();
        };

        /**
         * Decodes an UTF8 encoded string to a ByteBuffer.
         * @param {string} str String to decode
         * @param {boolean=} littleEndian Whether to use little or big endian byte order. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_ENDIAN}.
         * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to skip assertions of offsets and values. Defaults to
         *  {@link ByteBuffer.DEFAULT_NOASSERT}.
         * @returns {!ByteBuffer} ByteBuffer
         * @expose
         */
        ByteBuffer.fromUTF8 = function(str, littleEndian, noAssert) {
            if (!noAssert)
                if (typeof str !== 'string')
                    throw TypeError("Illegal str: Not a string");
            var bb = new ByteBuffer(utfx.calculateUTF16asUTF8(stringSource(str), true)[1], littleEndian, noAssert),
                i = 0;
            utfx.encodeUTF16toUTF8(stringSource(str), function(b) {
                bb.view.setUint8(i++, b);
            });
            bb.limit = i;
            return bb;
        };


        return ByteBuffer;
    }

    /* CommonJS */ if (typeof require === 'function' && typeof module === 'object' && module && typeof exports === 'object' && exports)
        module['exports'] = (function() {
            var Long; try { Long = require("long"); } catch (e) {}
            return loadByteBuffer(Long);
        })();
    /* AMD */ else if (typeof define === 'function' && define["amd"])
        define("ByteBuffer", ["Long"], function(Long) { return loadByteBuffer(Long); });
    /* Global */ else
        (global["dcodeIO"] = global["dcodeIO"] || {})["ByteBuffer"] = loadByteBuffer(global["dcodeIO"]["Long"]);

})(this);

/*
 Copyright 2013 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>

 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at

 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 */

/**
 * @license ProtoBuf.js (c) 2013 Daniel Wirtz <dcode@dcode.io>
 * Released under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * see: https://github.com/dcodeIO/ProtoBuf.js for details
 */
(function(global) {
    "use strict";

    function init(ByteBuffer) {

        /**
         * The ProtoBuf namespace.
         * @exports ProtoBuf
         * @namespace
         * @expose
         */
        var ProtoBuf = {};

        /**
         * ProtoBuf.js version.
         * @type {string}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.VERSION = "3.8.0";

        /**
         * Wire types.
         * @type {Object.<string,number>}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES = {};

        /**
         * Varint wire type.
         * @type {number}
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT = 0;

        /**
         * Fixed 64 bits wire type.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS64 = 1;

        /**
         * Length delimited wire type.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM = 2;

        /**
         * Start group wire type.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.STARTGROUP = 3;

        /**
         * End group wire type.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.ENDGROUP = 4;

        /**
         * Fixed 32 bits wire type.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS32 = 5;

        /**
         * Packable wire types.
         * @type {!Array.<number>}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.PACKABLE_WIRE_TYPES = [
            ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT,
            ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS64,
            ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS32
        ];

        /**
         * Types.
         * @dict
         * @type {Object.<string,{name: string, wireType: number}>}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.TYPES = {
            // According to the protobuf spec.
            "int32": {
                name: "int32",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "uint32": {
                name: "uint32",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "sint32": {
                name: "sint32",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "int64": {
                name: "int64",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "uint64": {
                name: "uint64",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "sint64": {
                name: "sint64",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "bool": {
                name: "bool",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "double": {
                name: "double",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS64
            },
            "string": {
                name: "string",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM
            },
            "bytes": {
                name: "bytes",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM
            },
            "fixed32": {
                name: "fixed32",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS32
            },
            "sfixed32": {
                name: "sfixed32",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS32
            },
            "fixed64": {
                name: "fixed64",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS64
            },
            "sfixed64": {
                name: "sfixed64",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS64
            },
            "float": {
                name: "float",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS32
            },
            "enum": {
                name: "enum",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT
            },
            "message": {
                name: "message",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM
            },
            "group": {
                name: "group",
                wireType: ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.STARTGROUP
            }
        };

        /**
         * Minimum field id.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.ID_MIN = 1;

        /**
         * Maximum field id.
         * @type {number}
         * @const
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.ID_MAX = 0x1FFFFFFF;

        /**
         * @type {!function(new: ByteBuffer, ...[*])}
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.ByteBuffer = ByteBuffer;

        /**
         * @type {?function(new: Long, ...[*])}
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.Long = ByteBuffer.Long || null;

        /**
         * If set to `true`, field names will be converted from underscore notation to camel case. Defaults to `false`.
         *  Must be set prior to parsing.
         * @type {boolean}
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.convertFieldsToCamelCase = false;

        /**
         * By default, messages are populated with (setX, set_x) accessors for each field. This can be disabled by
         *  setting this to `false` prior to building messages.
         * @type {boolean}
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.populateAccessors = true;

        /**
         * @alias ProtoBuf.Util
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.Util = (function() {
            "use strict";

            // Object.create polyfill
            // ref: https://developer.mozilla.org/de/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/create
            if (!Object.create)
                /** @expose */
                Object.create = function (o) {
                    if (arguments.length > 1)
                        throw Error('Object.create polyfill only accepts the first parameter.');
                    function F() {}
                    F.prototype = o;
                    return new F();
                };

            /**
             * ProtoBuf utilities.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Util
             * @namespace
             */
            var Util = {};

            /**
             * Flag if running in node (fs is available) or not.
             * @type {boolean}
             * @const
             * @expose
             */
            Util.IS_NODE = false;
            try {
                // There is no reliable way to detect node.js as an environment, so our
                // best bet is to feature-detect what we actually need.
                Util.IS_NODE =
                    typeof require === 'function' &&
                    typeof require("fs").readFileSync === 'function' &&
                    typeof require("path").resolve === 'function';
            } catch (e) {}

            /**
             * Constructs a XMLHttpRequest object.
             * @return {XMLHttpRequest}
             * @throws {Error} If XMLHttpRequest is not supported
             * @expose
             */
            Util.XHR = function() {
                // No dependencies please, ref: http://www.quirksmode.org/js/xmlhttp.html
                var XMLHttpFactories = [
                    function () {return new XMLHttpRequest()},
                    function () {return new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP")},
                    function () {return new ActiveXObject("Msxml3.XMLHTTP")},
                    function () {return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}
                ];
                /** @type {?XMLHttpRequest} */
                var xhr = null;
                for (var i=0;i<XMLHttpFactories.length;i++) {
                    try { xhr = XMLHttpFactories[i](); }
                    catch (e) { continue; }
                    break;
                }
                if (!xhr)
                    throw Error("XMLHttpRequest is not supported");
                return xhr;
            };

            /**
             * Fetches a resource.
             * @param {string} path Resource path
             * @param {function(?string)=} callback Callback receiving the resource's contents. If omitted the resource will
             *   be fetched synchronously. If the request failed, contents will be null.
             * @return {?string|undefined} Resource contents if callback is omitted (null if the request failed), else undefined.
             * @expose
             */
            Util.fetch = function(path, callback) {
                if (callback && typeof callback != 'function')
                    callback = null;
                if (Util.IS_NODE) {
                    if (callback) {
                        require("fs").readFile(path, function(err, data) {
                            if (err)
                                callback(null);
                            else
                                callback(""+data);
                        });
                    } else
                        try {
                            return require("fs").readFileSync(path);
                        } catch (e) {
                            return null;
                        }
                } else {
                    var xhr = Util.XHR();
                    xhr.open('GET', path, callback ? true : false);
                    // xhr.setRequestHeader('User-Agent', 'XMLHTTP/1.0');
                    xhr.setRequestHeader('Accept', 'text/plain');
                    if (typeof xhr.overrideMimeType === 'function') xhr.overrideMimeType('text/plain');
                    if (callback) {
                        xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
                            if (xhr.readyState != 4) return;
                            if (/* remote */ xhr.status == 200 || /* local */ (xhr.status == 0 && typeof xhr.responseText === 'string'))
                                callback(xhr.responseText);
                            else
                                callback(null);
                        };
                        if (xhr.readyState == 4)
                            return;
                        xhr.send(null);
                    } else {
                        xhr.send(null);
                        if (/* remote */ xhr.status == 200 || /* local */ (xhr.status == 0 && typeof xhr.responseText === 'string'))
                            return xhr.responseText;
                        return null;
                    }
                }
            };

            /**
             * Tests if an object is an array.
             * @function
             * @param {*} obj Object to test
             * @returns {boolean} true if it is an array, else false
             * @expose
             */
            Util.isArray = Array.isArray || function(obj) {
                return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === "[object Array]";
            };

            return Util;
        })();

        /**
         * Language expressions.
         * @type {!Object.<string,string|!RegExp>}
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.Lang = {
            OPEN: "{",
            CLOSE: "}",
            OPTOPEN: "[",
            OPTCLOSE: "]",
            OPTEND: ",",
            EQUAL: "=",
            END: ";",
            STRINGOPEN: '"',
            STRINGCLOSE: '"',
            STRINGOPEN_SQ: "'",
            STRINGCLOSE_SQ: "'",
            COPTOPEN: '(',
            COPTCLOSE: ')',
            DELIM: /[\s\{\}=;\[\],'"\(\)]/g,
            // KEYWORD: /^(?:package|option|import|message|enum|extend|service|syntax|extensions|group)$/,
            RULE: /^(?:required|optional|repeated)$/,
            TYPE: /^(?:double|float|int32|uint32|sint32|int64|uint64|sint64|fixed32|sfixed32|fixed64|sfixed64|bool|string|bytes)$/,
            NAME: /^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*$/,
            TYPEDEF: /^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z_0-9]*$/,
            TYPEREF: /^(?:\.?[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)+$/,
            FQTYPEREF: /^(?:\.[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)+$/,
            NUMBER: /^-?(?:[1-9][0-9]*|0|0x[0-9a-fA-F]+|0[0-7]+|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+([Ee][+-]?[0-9]+)?))$/,
            NUMBER_DEC: /^(?:[1-9][0-9]*|0)$/,
            NUMBER_HEX: /^0x[0-9a-fA-F]+$/,
            NUMBER_OCT: /^0[0-7]+$/,
            NUMBER_FLT: /^[0-9]*\.[0-9]+([Ee][+-]?[0-9]+)?$/,
            ID: /^(?:[1-9][0-9]*|0|0x[0-9a-fA-F]+|0[0-7]+)$/,
            NEGID: /^\-?(?:[1-9][0-9]*|0|0x[0-9a-fA-F]+|0[0-7]+)$/,
            WHITESPACE: /\s/,
            STRING: /['"]([^'"\\]*(\\.[^"\\]*)*)['"]/g,
            BOOL: /^(?:true|false)$/i
        };

        /**
         * @alias ProtoBuf.DotProto
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.DotProto = (function(ProtoBuf, Lang) {
            "use strict";

            /**
             * Utilities to parse .proto files.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.DotProto
             * @namespace
             */
            var DotProto = {};

            /**
             * Constructs a new Tokenizer.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.DotProto.Tokenizer
             * @class prototype tokenizer
             * @param {string} proto Proto to tokenize
             * @constructor
             */
            var Tokenizer = function(proto) {

                /**
                 * Source to parse.
                 * @type {string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.source = ""+proto; // In case it's a buffer

                /**
                 * Current index.
                 * @type {number}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.index = 0;

                /**
                 * Current line.
                 * @type {number}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.line = 1;

                /**
                 * Stacked values.
                 * @type {Array}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.stack = [];

                /**
                 * Whether currently reading a string or not.
                 * @type {boolean}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.readingString = false;

                /**
                 * Whatever character ends the string. Either a single or double quote character.
                 * @type {string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.stringEndsWith = Lang.STRINGCLOSE;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.DotProto.Tokenizer.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var TokenizerPrototype = Tokenizer.prototype;

            /**
             * Reads a string beginning at the current index.
             * @return {string} The string
             * @throws {Error} If it's not a valid string
             * @private
             */
            TokenizerPrototype._readString = function() {
                Lang.STRING.lastIndex = this.index-1; // Include the open quote
                var match;
                if ((match = Lang.STRING.exec(this.source)) !== null) {
                    var s = match[1];
                    this.index = Lang.STRING.lastIndex;
                    this.stack.push(this.stringEndsWith);
                    return s;
                }
                throw Error("Unterminated string at line "+this.line+", index "+this.index);
            };

            /**
             * Gets the next token and advances by one.
             * @return {?string} Token or `null` on EOF
             * @throws {Error} If it's not a valid proto file
             * @expose
             */
            TokenizerPrototype.next = function() {
                if (this.stack.length > 0)
                    return this.stack.shift();
                if (this.index >= this.source.length)
                    return null; // No more tokens
                if (this.readingString) {
                    this.readingString = false;
                    return this._readString();
                }
                var repeat, last;
                do {
                    repeat = false;
                    // Strip white spaces
                    while (Lang.WHITESPACE.test(last = this.source.charAt(this.index))) {
                        this.index++;
                        if (last === "\n")
                            this.line++;
                        if (this.index === this.source.length)
                            return null;
                    }
                    // Strip comments
                    if (this.source.charAt(this.index) === '/') {
                        if (this.source.charAt(++this.index) === '/') { // Single line
                            while (this.source.charAt(this.index) !== "\n") {
                                this.index++;
                                if (this.index == this.source.length)
                                    return null;
                            }
                            this.index++;
                            this.line++;
                            repeat = true;
                        } else if (this.source.charAt(this.index) === '*') { /* Block */
                            last = '';
                            while (last+(last=this.source.charAt(this.index)) !== '*/') {
                                this.index++;
                                if (last === "\n")
                                    this.line++;
                                if (this.index === this.source.length)
                                    return null;
                            }
                            this.index++;
                            repeat = true;
                        } else
                            throw Error("Unterminated comment at line "+this.line+": /"+this.source.charAt(this.index));
                    }
                } while (repeat);
                if (this.index === this.source.length) return null;

                // Read the next token
                var end = this.index;
                Lang.DELIM.lastIndex = 0;
                var delim = Lang.DELIM.test(this.source.charAt(end));
                if (!delim) {
                    ++end;
                    while(end < this.source.length && !Lang.DELIM.test(this.source.charAt(end)))
                        end++;
                } else
                    ++end;
                var token = this.source.substring(this.index, this.index = end);
                if (token === Lang.STRINGOPEN)
                    this.readingString = true,
                    this.stringEndsWith = Lang.STRINGCLOSE;
                else if (token === Lang.STRINGOPEN_SQ)
                    this.readingString = true,
                    this.stringEndsWith = Lang.STRINGCLOSE_SQ;
                return token;
            };

            /**
             * Peeks for the next token.
             * @return {?string} Token or `null` on EOF
             * @throws {Error} If it's not a valid proto file
             * @expose
             */
            TokenizerPrototype.peek = function() {
                if (this.stack.length === 0) {
                    var token = this.next();
                    if (token === null)
                        return null;
                    this.stack.push(token);
                }
                return this.stack[0];
            };

            /**
             * Returns a string representation of this object.
             * @return {string} String representation as of "Tokenizer(index/length)"
             * @expose
             */
            TokenizerPrototype.toString = function() {
                return "Tokenizer("+this.index+"/"+this.source.length+" at line "+this.line+")";
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.DotProto.Tokenizer
             * @expose
             */
            DotProto.Tokenizer = Tokenizer;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Parser.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.DotProto.Parser
             * @class prototype parser
             * @param {string} proto Protocol source
             * @constructor
             */
            var Parser = function(proto) {

                /**
                 * Tokenizer.
                 * @type {ProtoBuf.DotProto.Tokenizer}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.tn = new Tokenizer(proto);
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.DotProto.Parser.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var ParserPrototype = Parser.prototype;

            /**
             * Runs the parser.
             * @return {{package: string|null, messages: Array.<object>, enums: Array.<object>, imports: Array.<string>, options: object<string,*>}}
             * @throws {Error} If the source cannot be parsed
             * @expose
             */
            ParserPrototype.parse = function() {
                var topLevel = {
                    "name": "[ROOT]", // temporary
                    "package": null,
                    "messages": [],
                    "enums": [],
                    "imports": [],
                    "options": {},
                    "services": []
                };
                var token, head = true;
                while(token = this.tn.next()) {
                    switch (token) {
                        case 'package':
                            if (!head || topLevel["package"] !== null)
                                throw Error("Unexpected package at line "+this.tn.line);
                            topLevel["package"] = this._parsePackage(token);
                            break;
                        case 'import':
                            if (!head)
                                throw Error("Unexpected import at line "+this.tn.line);
                            topLevel.imports.push(this._parseImport(token));
                            break;
                        case 'message':
                            this._parseMessage(topLevel, null, token);
                            head = false;
                            break;
                        case 'enum':
                            this._parseEnum(topLevel, token);
                            head = false;
                            break;
                        case 'option':
                            if (!head)
                                throw Error("Unexpected option at line "+this.tn.line);
                            this._parseOption(topLevel, token);
                            break;
                        case 'service':
                            this._parseService(topLevel, token);
                            break;
                        case 'extend':
                            this._parseExtend(topLevel, token);
                            break;
                        case 'syntax':
                            this._parseIgnoredStatement(topLevel, token);
                            break;
                        default:
                            throw Error("Unexpected token at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    }
                }
                delete topLevel["name"];
                return topLevel;
            };

            /**
             * Parses a number value.
             * @param {string} val Number value to parse
             * @return {number} Number
             * @throws {Error} If the number value is invalid
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseNumber = function(val) {
                var sign = 1;
                if (val.charAt(0) == '-')
                    sign = -1,
                    val = val.substring(1);
                if (Lang.NUMBER_DEC.test(val))
                    return sign*parseInt(val, 10);
                else if (Lang.NUMBER_HEX.test(val))
                    return sign*parseInt(val.substring(2), 16);
                else if (Lang.NUMBER_OCT.test(val))
                    return sign*parseInt(val.substring(1), 8);
                else if (Lang.NUMBER_FLT.test(val))
                    return sign*parseFloat(val);
                throw Error("Illegal number at line "+this.tn.line+": "+(sign < 0 ? '-' : '')+val);
            };

            /**
             * Parses a (possibly multiline) string.
             * @returns {string}
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseString = function() {
                var value = "", token;
                do {
                    token = this.tn.next(); // Known to be = this.tn.stringEndsWith
                    value += this.tn.next();
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token !== this.tn.stringEndsWith)
                        throw Error("Illegal end of string at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    token = this.tn.peek();
                } while (token === Lang.STRINGOPEN || token === Lang.STRINGOPEN_SQ);
                return value;
            };

            /**
             * Parses an ID value.
             * @param {string} val ID value to parse
             * @param {boolean=} neg Whether the ID may be negative, defaults to `false`
             * @returns {number} ID
             * @throws {Error} If the ID value is invalid
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseId = function(val, neg) {
                var id = -1;
                var sign = 1;
                if (val.charAt(0) == '-')
                    sign = -1,
                    val = val.substring(1);
                if (Lang.NUMBER_DEC.test(val))
                    id = parseInt(val);
                else if (Lang.NUMBER_HEX.test(val))
                    id = parseInt(val.substring(2), 16);
                else if (Lang.NUMBER_OCT.test(val))
                    id = parseInt(val.substring(1), 8);
                else
                    throw Error("Illegal id at line "+this.tn.line+": "+(sign < 0 ? '-' : '')+val);
                id = (sign*id)|0; // Force to 32bit
                if (!neg && id < 0)
                    throw Error("Illegal id at line "+this.tn.line+": "+(sign < 0 ? '-' : '')+val);
                return id;
            };

            /**
             * Parses the package definition.
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @return {string} Package name
             * @throws {Error} If the package definition cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parsePackage = function(token) {
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal package name at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var pkg = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token != Lang.END)
                    throw Error("Illegal end of package at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                return pkg;
            };

            /**
             * Parses an import definition.
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @return {string} Import file name
             * @throws {Error} If the import definition cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseImport = function(token) {
                token = this.tn.peek();
                if (token === "public")
                    this.tn.next(),
                    token = this.tn.peek();
                if (token !== Lang.STRINGOPEN && token !== Lang.STRINGOPEN_SQ)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of import at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var imported = this._parseString();
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.END)
                    throw Error("Illegal end of import at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                return imported;
            };

            /**
             * Parses a namespace option.
             * @param {Object} parent Parent definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the option cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseOption = function(parent, token) {
                token = this.tn.next();
                var custom = false;
                if (token == Lang.COPTOPEN)
                    custom = true,
                    token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                    // we can allow options of the form google.protobuf.* since they will just get ignored anyways
                    if (!/google\.protobuf\./.test(token))
                        throw Error("Illegal option name in message "+parent.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var name = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (custom) { // (my_method_option).foo, (my_method_option), some_method_option, (foo.my_option).bar
                    if (token !== Lang.COPTCLOSE)
                        throw Error("Illegal end in message "+parent.name+", option "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    name = '('+name+')';
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (Lang.FQTYPEREF.test(token))
                        name += token,
                        token = this.tn.next();
                }
                if (token !== Lang.EQUAL)
                    throw Error("Illegal operator in message "+parent.name+", option "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var value;
                token = this.tn.peek();
                if (token === Lang.STRINGOPEN || token === Lang.STRINGOPEN_SQ)
                    value = this._parseString();
                else {
                    this.tn.next();
                    if (Lang.NUMBER.test(token))
                        value = this._parseNumber(token, true);
                    else if (Lang.BOOL.test(token))
                        value = token === 'true';
                    else if (Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                        value = token;
                    else
                        throw Error("Illegal option value in message "+parent.name+", option "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                }
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.END)
                    throw Error("Illegal end of option in message "+parent.name+", option "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                parent["options"][name] = value;
            };

            /**
             * Parses an ignored statement of the form ['keyword', ..., ';'].
             * @param {Object} parent Parent definition
             * @param {string} keyword Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the directive cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseIgnoredStatement = function(parent, keyword) {
                var token;
                do {
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token === null)
                        throw Error("Unexpected EOF in "+parent.name+", "+keyword+" at line "+this.tn.line);
                    if (token === Lang.END)
                        break;
                } while (true);
            };

            /**
             * Parses a service definition.
             * @param {Object} parent Parent definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the service cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseService = function(parent, token) {
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.NAME.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal service name at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var name = token;
                var svc = {
                    "name": name,
                    "rpc": {},
                    "options": {}
                };
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.OPEN)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of service "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                do {
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token === "option")
                        this._parseOption(svc, token);
                    else if (token === 'rpc')
                        this._parseServiceRPC(svc, token);
                    else if (token !== Lang.CLOSE)
                        throw Error("Illegal type of service "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                } while (token !== Lang.CLOSE);
                parent["services"].push(svc);
            };

            /**
             * Parses a RPC service definition of the form ['rpc', name, (request), 'returns', (response)].
             * @param {Object} svc Parent definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseServiceRPC = function(svc, token) {
                var type = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.NAME.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal method name in service "+svc["name"]+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var name = token;
                var method = {
                    "request": null,
                    "response": null,
                    "options": {}
                };
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.COPTOPEN)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of request type in service "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal request type in service "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                method["request"] = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token != Lang.COPTCLOSE)
                    throw Error("Illegal end of request type in service "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token.toLowerCase() !== "returns")
                    throw Error("Illegal delimiter in service "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token != Lang.COPTOPEN)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of response type in service "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                token = this.tn.next();
                method["response"] = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.COPTCLOSE)
                    throw Error("Illegal end of response type in service "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token === Lang.OPEN) {
                    do {
                        token = this.tn.next();
                        if (token === 'option')
                            this._parseOption(method, token); // <- will fail for the custom-options example
                        else if (token !== Lang.CLOSE)
                            throw Error("Illegal start of option inservice "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    } while (token !== Lang.CLOSE);
                    if (this.tn.peek() === Lang.END)
                        this.tn.next();
                } else if (token !== Lang.END)
                    throw Error("Illegal delimiter in service "+svc["name"]+"#"+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                if (typeof svc[type] === 'undefined')
                    svc[type] = {};
                svc[type][name] = method;
            };

            /**
             * Parses a message definition.
             * @param {Object} parent Parent definition
             * @param {Object} fld Field definition if this is a group, otherwise `null`
             * @param {string} token First token
             * @return {Object}
             * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseMessage = function(parent, fld, token) {
                /** @dict */
                var msg = {}; // Note: At some point we might want to exclude the parser, so we need a dict.
                var isGroup = token === "group";
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.NAME.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal "+(isGroup ? "group" : "message")+" name"+(parent ? " in message "+parent["name"] : "")+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                msg["name"] = token;
                if (isGroup) {
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token !== Lang.EQUAL)
                        throw Error("Illegal id assignment after group "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    try {
                        fld["id"] = this._parseId(token);
                    } catch (e) {
                        throw Error("Illegal field id value for group "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    }
                    msg["isGroup"] = true;
                }
                msg["fields"] = []; // Note: Using arrays to support also browser that cannot preserve order of object keys.
                msg["enums"] = [];
                msg["messages"] = [];
                msg["options"] = {};
                msg["oneofs"] = {};
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token === Lang.OPTOPEN && fld)
                    this._parseFieldOptions(msg, fld, token),
                    token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.OPEN)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of "+(isGroup ? "group" : "message")+" "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                // msg["extensions"] = undefined
                do {
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token === Lang.CLOSE) {
                        token = this.tn.peek();
                        if (token === Lang.END)
                            this.tn.next();
                        break;
                    } else if (Lang.RULE.test(token))
                        this._parseMessageField(msg, token);
                    else if (token === "oneof")
                        this._parseMessageOneOf(msg, token);
                    else if (token === "enum")
                        this._parseEnum(msg, token);
                    else if (token === "message")
                        this._parseMessage(msg, null, token);
                    else if (token === "option")
                        this._parseOption(msg, token);
                    else if (token === "extensions")
                        msg["extensions"] = this._parseExtensions(msg, token);
                    else if (token === "extend")
                        this._parseExtend(msg, token);
                    else
                        throw Error("Illegal token in message "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                } while (true);
                parent["messages"].push(msg);
                return msg;
            };

            /**
             * Parses a message field.
             * @param {Object} msg Message definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @returns {!Object} Field descriptor
             * @throws {Error} If the message field cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseMessageField = function(msg, token) {
                /** @dict */
                var fld = {}, grp = null;
                fld["rule"] = token;
                /** @dict */
                fld["options"] = {};
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token === "group") {
                    // "A [legacy] group simply combines a nested message type and a field into a single declaration. In your
                    // code, you can treat this message just as if it had a Result type field called result (the latter name is
                    // converted to lower-case so that it does not conflict with the former)."
                    grp = this._parseMessage(msg, fld, token);
                    if (!/^[A-Z]/.test(grp["name"]))
                        throw Error('Group names must start with a capital letter');
                    fld["type"] = grp["name"];
                    fld["name"] = grp["name"].toLowerCase();
                    token = this.tn.peek();
                    if (token === Lang.END)
                        this.tn.next();
                } else {
                    if (!Lang.TYPE.test(token) && !Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                        throw Error("Illegal field type in message "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    fld["type"] = token;
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (!Lang.NAME.test(token))
                        throw Error("Illegal field name in message "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    fld["name"] = token;
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token !== Lang.EQUAL)
                        throw Error("Illegal token in field "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    try {
                        fld["id"] = this._parseId(token);
                    } catch (e) {
                        throw Error("Illegal field id in message "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    }
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token === Lang.OPTOPEN)
                        this._parseFieldOptions(msg, fld, token),
                        token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token !== Lang.END)
                        throw Error("Illegal delimiter in message "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                }
                msg["fields"].push(fld);
                return fld;
            };

            /**
             * Parses a message oneof.
             * @param {Object} msg Message definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the message oneof cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseMessageOneOf = function(msg, token) {
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.NAME.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal oneof name in message "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var name = token,
                    fld;
                var fields = [];
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.OPEN)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of oneof "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                while (this.tn.peek() !== Lang.CLOSE) {
                    fld = this._parseMessageField(msg, "optional");
                    fld["oneof"] = name;
                    fields.push(fld["id"]);
                }
                this.tn.next();
                msg["oneofs"][name] = fields;
            };

            /**
             * Parses a set of field option definitions.
             * @param {Object} msg Message definition
             * @param {Object} fld Field definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the message field options cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseFieldOptions = function(msg, fld, token) {
                var first = true;
                do {
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token === Lang.OPTCLOSE)
                        break;
                    else if (token === Lang.OPTEND) {
                        if (first)
                            throw Error("Illegal start of options in message "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                        token = this.tn.next();
                    }
                    this._parseFieldOption(msg, fld, token);
                    first = false;
                } while (true);
            };

            /**
             * Parses a single field option.
             * @param {Object} msg Message definition
             * @param {Object} fld Field definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the mesage field option cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseFieldOption = function(msg, fld, token) {
                var custom = false;
                if (token === Lang.COPTOPEN)
                    token = this.tn.next(),
                    custom = true;
                if (!Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal field option in "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var name = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (custom) {
                    if (token !== Lang.COPTCLOSE)
                        throw Error("Illegal delimiter in "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                    name = '('+name+')';
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (Lang.FQTYPEREF.test(token))
                        name += token,
                        token = this.tn.next();
                }
                if (token !== Lang.EQUAL)
                    throw Error("Illegal token in "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                var value;
                token = this.tn.peek();
                if (token === Lang.STRINGOPEN || token === Lang.STRINGOPEN_SQ) {
                    value = this._parseString();
                } else if (Lang.NUMBER.test(token, true))
                    value = this._parseNumber(this.tn.next(), true);
                else if (Lang.BOOL.test(token))
                    value = this.tn.next().toLowerCase() === 'true';
                else if (Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                    value = this.tn.next(); // TODO: Resolve?
                else
                    throw Error("Illegal value in message "+msg.name+"#"+fld.name+", option "+name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                fld["options"][name] = value;
            };

            /**
             * Parses an enum.
             * @param {Object} msg Message definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the enum cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseEnum = function(msg, token) {
                /** @dict */
                var enm = {};
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.NAME.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal enum name in message "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                enm["name"] = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.OPEN)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of enum "+enm.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                enm["values"] = [];
                enm["options"] = {};
                do {
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token === Lang.CLOSE) {
                        token = this.tn.peek();
                        if (token === Lang.END)
                            this.tn.next();
                        break;
                    }
                    if (token == 'option')
                        this._parseOption(enm, token);
                    else {
                        if (!Lang.NAME.test(token))
                            throw Error("Illegal name in enum "+enm.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                        this._parseEnumValue(enm, token);
                    }
                } while (true);
                msg["enums"].push(enm);
            };

            /**
             * Parses an enum value.
             * @param {Object} enm Enum definition
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the enum value cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseEnumValue = function(enm, token) {
                /** @dict */
                var val = {};
                val["name"] = token;
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.EQUAL)
                    throw Error("Illegal token in enum "+enm.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                token = this.tn.next();
                try {
                    val["id"] = this._parseId(token, true);
                } catch (e) {
                    throw Error("Illegal id in enum "+enm.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                }
                enm["values"].push(val);
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token === Lang.OPTOPEN) {
                    var opt = { 'options' : {} }; // TODO: Actually expose them somehow.
                    this._parseFieldOptions(enm, opt, token);
                    token = this.tn.next();
                }
                if (token !== Lang.END)
                    throw Error("Illegal delimiter in enum "+enm.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
            };

            /**
             * Parses an extensions statement.
             * @param {Object} msg Message object
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the extensions statement cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseExtensions = function(msg, token) {
                /** @type {Array.<number>} */
                var range = [];
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token === "min") // FIXME: Does the official implementation support this?
                    range.push(ProtoBuf.ID_MIN);
                else if (token === "max")
                    range.push(ProtoBuf.ID_MAX);
                else
                    range.push(this._parseNumber(token));
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== 'to')
                    throw Error("Illegal extensions delimiter in message "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token === "min")
                    range.push(ProtoBuf.ID_MIN);
                else if (token === "max")
                    range.push(ProtoBuf.ID_MAX);
                else
                    range.push(this._parseNumber(token));
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.END)
                    throw Error("Illegal extensions delimiter in message "+msg.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                return range;
            };

            /**
             * Parses an extend block.
             * @param {Object} parent Parent object
             * @param {string} token Initial token
             * @throws {Error} If the extend block cannot be parsed
             * @private
             */
            ParserPrototype._parseExtend = function(parent, token) {
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (!Lang.TYPEREF.test(token))
                    throw Error("Illegal message name at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                /** @dict */
                var ext = {};
                ext["ref"] = token;
                ext["fields"] = [];
                token = this.tn.next();
                if (token !== Lang.OPEN)
                    throw Error("Illegal start of extend "+ext.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                do {
                    token = this.tn.next();
                    if (token === Lang.CLOSE) {
                        token = this.tn.peek();
                        if (token == Lang.END)
                            this.tn.next();
                        break;
                    } else if (Lang.RULE.test(token))
                        this._parseMessageField(ext, token);
                    else
                        throw Error("Illegal token in extend "+ext.name+" at line "+this.tn.line+": "+token);
                } while (true);
                parent["messages"].push(ext);
                return ext;
            };

            /**
             * Returns a string representation of this object.
             * @returns {string} String representation as of "Parser"
             */
            ParserPrototype.toString = function() {
                return "Parser";
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.DotProto.Parser
             * @expose
             */
            DotProto.Parser = Parser;

            return DotProto;

        })(ProtoBuf, ProtoBuf.Lang);

        /**
         * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.Reflect = (function(ProtoBuf) {
            "use strict";

            /**
             * Reflection types.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect
             * @namespace
             */
            var Reflect = {};

            /**
             * Constructs a Reflect base class.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.T
             * @constructor
             * @abstract
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {?ProtoBuf.Reflect.T} parent Parent object
             * @param {string} name Object name
             */
            var T = function(builder, parent, name) {

                /**
                 * Builder reference.
                 * @type {!ProtoBuf.Builder}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.builder = builder;

                /**
                 * Parent object.
                 * @type {?ProtoBuf.Reflect.T}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.parent = parent;

                /**
                 * Object name in namespace.
                 * @type {string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.name = name;

                /**
                 * Fully qualified class name
                 * @type {string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.className;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.T.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var TPrototype = T.prototype;

            /**
             * Returns the fully qualified name of this object.
             * @returns {string} Fully qualified name as of ".PATH.TO.THIS"
             * @expose
             */
            TPrototype.fqn = function() {
                var name = this.name,
                    ptr = this;
                do {
                    ptr = ptr.parent;
                    if (ptr == null)
                        break;
                    name = ptr.name+"."+name;
                } while (true);
                return name;
            };

            /**
             * Returns a string representation of this Reflect object (its fully qualified name).
             * @param {boolean=} includeClass Set to true to include the class name. Defaults to false.
             * @return String representation
             * @expose
             */
            TPrototype.toString = function(includeClass) {
                return (includeClass ? this.className + " " : "") + this.fqn();
            };

            /**
             * Builds this type.
             * @throws {Error} If this type cannot be built directly
             * @expose
             */
            TPrototype.build = function() {
                throw Error(this.toString(true)+" cannot be built directly");
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.T
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.T = T;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Namespace.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {?ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace} parent Namespace parent
             * @param {string} name Namespace name
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Namespace options
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.T
             */
            var Namespace = function(builder, parent, name, options) {
                T.call(this, builder, parent, name);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Namespace";

                /**
                 * Children inside the namespace.
                 * @type {!Array.<ProtoBuf.Reflect.T>}
                 */
                this.children = [];

                /**
                 * Options.
                 * @type {!Object.<string, *>}
                 */
                this.options = options || {};
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var NamespacePrototype = Namespace.prototype = Object.create(T.prototype);

            /**
             * Returns an array of the namespace's children.
             * @param {ProtoBuf.Reflect.T=} type Filter type (returns instances of this type only). Defaults to null (all children).
             * @return {Array.<ProtoBuf.Reflect.T>}
             * @expose
             */
            NamespacePrototype.getChildren = function(type) {
                type = type || null;
                if (type == null)
                    return this.children.slice();
                var children = [];
                for (var i=0, k=this.children.length; i<k; ++i)
                    if (this.children[i] instanceof type)
                        children.push(this.children[i]);
                return children;
            };

            /**
             * Adds a child to the namespace.
             * @param {ProtoBuf.Reflect.T} child Child
             * @throws {Error} If the child cannot be added (duplicate)
             * @expose
             */
            NamespacePrototype.addChild = function(child) {
                var other;
                if (other = this.getChild(child.name)) {
                    // Try to revert camelcase transformation on collision
                    if (other instanceof Message.Field && other.name !== other.originalName && this.getChild(other.originalName) === null)
                        other.name = other.originalName; // Revert previous first (effectively keeps both originals)
                    else if (child instanceof Message.Field && child.name !== child.originalName && this.getChild(child.originalName) === null)
                        child.name = child.originalName;
                    else
                        throw Error("Duplicate name in namespace "+this.toString(true)+": "+child.name);
                }
                this.children.push(child);
            };

            /**
             * Gets a child by its name or id.
             * @param {string|number} nameOrId Child name or id
             * @return {?ProtoBuf.Reflect.T} The child or null if not found
             * @expose
             */
            NamespacePrototype.getChild = function(nameOrId) {
                var key = typeof nameOrId === 'number' ? 'id' : 'name';
                for (var i=0, k=this.children.length; i<k; ++i)
                    if (this.children[i][key] === nameOrId)
                        return this.children[i];
                return null;
            };

            /**
             * Resolves a reflect object inside of this namespace.
             * @param {string} qn Qualified name to resolve
             * @param {boolean=} excludeFields Excludes fields, defaults to `false`
             * @return {?ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace} The resolved type or null if not found
             * @expose
             */
            NamespacePrototype.resolve = function(qn, excludeFields) {
                var part = qn.split("."),
                    ptr = this,
                    i = 0;
                if (part[i] === "") { // Fully qualified name, e.g. ".My.Message'
                    while (ptr.parent !== null)
                        ptr = ptr.parent;
                    i++;
                }
                var child;
                do {
                    do {
                        child = ptr.getChild(part[i]);
                        if (!child || !(child instanceof Reflect.T) || (excludeFields && child instanceof Reflect.Message.Field)) {
                            ptr = null;
                            break;
                        }
                        ptr = child; i++;
                    } while (i < part.length);
                    if (ptr != null)
                        break; // Found
                    // Else search the parent
                    if (this.parent !== null) {
                        return this.parent.resolve(qn, excludeFields);
                    }
                } while (ptr != null);
                return ptr;
            };

            /**
             * Builds the namespace and returns the runtime counterpart.
             * @return {Object.<string,Function|Object>} Runtime namespace
             * @expose
             */
            NamespacePrototype.build = function() {
                /** @dict */
                var ns = {};
                var children = this.children;
                for (var i=0, k=children.length, child; i<k; ++i) {
                    child = children[i];
                    if (child instanceof Namespace)
                        ns[child.name] = child.build();
                }
                if (Object.defineProperty)
                    Object.defineProperty(ns, "$options", { "value": this.buildOpt() });
                return ns;
            };

            /**
             * Builds the namespace's '$options' property.
             * @return {Object.<string,*>}
             */
            NamespacePrototype.buildOpt = function() {
                var opt = {},
                    keys = Object.keys(this.options);
                for (var i=0, k=keys.length; i<k; ++i) {
                    var key = keys[i],
                        val = this.options[keys[i]];
                    // TODO: Options are not resolved, yet.
                    // if (val instanceof Namespace) {
                    //     opt[key] = val.build();
                    // } else {
                    opt[key] = val;
                    // }
                }
                return opt;
            };

            /**
             * Gets the value assigned to the option with the specified name.
             * @param {string=} name Returns the option value if specified, otherwise all options are returned.
             * @return {*|Object.<string,*>}null} Option value or NULL if there is no such option
             */
            NamespacePrototype.getOption = function(name) {
                if (typeof name === 'undefined')
                    return this.options;
                return typeof this.options[name] !== 'undefined' ? this.options[name] : null;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Namespace = Namespace;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Message.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace} parent Parent message or namespace
             * @param {string} name Message name
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Message options
             * @param {boolean=} isGroup `true` if this is a legacy group
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace
             */
            var Message = function(builder, parent, name, options, isGroup) {
                Namespace.call(this, builder, parent, name, options);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Message";

                /**
                 * Extensions range.
                 * @type {!Array.<number>}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.extensions = [ProtoBuf.ID_MIN, ProtoBuf.ID_MAX];

                /**
                 * Runtime message class.
                 * @type {?function(new:ProtoBuf.Builder.Message)}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.clazz = null;

                /**
                 * Whether this is a legacy group or not.
                 * @type {boolean}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.isGroup = !!isGroup;

                // The following cached collections are used to efficiently iterate over or look up fields when decoding.

                /**
                 * Cached fields.
                 * @type {?Array.<!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field>}
                 * @private
                 */
                this._fields = null;

                /**
                 * Cached fields by id.
                 * @type {?Object.<number,!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field>}
                 * @private
                 */
                this._fieldsById = null;

                /**
                 * Cached fields by name.
                 * @type {?Object.<string,!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field>}
                 * @private
                 */
                this._fieldsByName = null;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var MessagePrototype = Message.prototype = Object.create(Namespace.prototype);

            /**
             * Builds the message and returns the runtime counterpart, which is a fully functional class.
             * @see ProtoBuf.Builder.Message
             * @param {boolean=} rebuild Whether to rebuild or not, defaults to false
             * @return {ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message} Message class
             * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be built
             * @expose
             */
            MessagePrototype.build = function(rebuild) {
                if (this.clazz && !rebuild)
                    return this.clazz;

                // Create the runtime Message class in its own scope
                var clazz = (function(ProtoBuf, T) {

                    var fields = T.getChildren(ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field),
                        oneofs = T.getChildren(ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.OneOf);

                    /**
                     * Constructs a new runtime Message.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message
                     * @class Barebone of all runtime messages.
                     * @param {!Object.<string,*>|string} values Preset values
                     * @param {...string} var_args
                     * @constructor
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be created
                     */
                    var Message = function(values, var_args) {
                        ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.call(this);

                        // Create virtual oneof properties
                        for (var i=0, k=oneofs.length; i<k; ++i)
                            this[oneofs[i].name] = null;
                        // Create fields and set default values
                        for (i=0, k=fields.length; i<k; ++i) {
                            var field = fields[i];
                            this[field.name] = field.repeated ? [] : null;
                            if (field.required && field.defaultValue !== null)
                                this[field.name] = field.defaultValue;
                        }

                        if (arguments.length > 0) {
                            // Set field values from a values object
                            if (arguments.length === 1 && typeof values === 'object' &&
                                /* not another Message */ typeof values.encode !== 'function' &&
                                /* not a repeated field */ !ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(values) &&
                                /* not a ByteBuffer */ !(values instanceof ByteBuffer) &&
                                /* not an ArrayBuffer */ !(values instanceof ArrayBuffer) &&
                                /* not a Long */ !(ProtoBuf.Long && values instanceof ProtoBuf.Long)) {
                                var keys = Object.keys(values);
                                for (i=0, k=keys.length; i<k; ++i)
                                    this.$set(keys[i], values[keys[i]]); // May throw
                            } else // Set field values from arguments, in declaration order
                                for (i=0, k=arguments.length; i<k; ++i)
                                    this.$set(fields[i].name, arguments[i]); // May throw
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * @alias ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.prototype
                     * @inner
                     */
                    var MessagePrototype = Message.prototype = Object.create(ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.prototype);

                    /**
                     * Adds a value to a repeated field.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#add
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} key Field name
                     * @param {*} value Value to add
                     * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to assert the value or not (asserts by default)
                     * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be added
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.add = function(key, value, noAssert) {
                        var field = T._fieldsByName[key];
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (!field)
                                throw Error(this+"#"+key+" is undefined");
                            if (!(field instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field))
                                throw Error(this+"#"+key+" is not a field: "+field.toString(true)); // May throw if it's an enum or embedded message
                            if (!field.repeated)
                                throw Error(this+"#"+key+" is not a repeated field");
                        }
                        if (this[field.name] === null)
                            this[field.name] = [];
                        this[field.name].push(noAssert ? value : field.verifyValue(value, true));
                    };

                    /**
                     * Adds a value to a repeated field. This is an alias for {@link ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#add}.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#$add
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} key Field name
                     * @param {*} value Value to add
                     * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to assert the value or not (asserts by default)
                     * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be added
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.$add = MessagePrototype.add;

                    /**
                     * Sets a field's value.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#set
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} key Key
                     * @param {*} value Value to set
                     * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to not assert for an actual field / proper value type, defaults to `false`
                     * @returns {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} this
                     * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be set
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.set = function(key, value, noAssert) {
                        if (key && typeof key === 'object') {
                            for (var i in key)
                                if (key.hasOwnProperty(i))
                                    this.$set(i, key[i], noAssert);
                            return this;
                        }
                        var field = T._fieldsByName[key];
                        if (!noAssert) {
                            if (!field)
                                throw Error(this+"#"+key+" is not a field: undefined");
                            if (!(field instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field))
                                throw Error(this+"#"+key+" is not a field: "+field.toString(true));
                            this[field.name] = (value = field.verifyValue(value)); // May throw
                        } else {
                            this[field.name] = value;
                        }
                        if (field.oneof) {
                            if (value !== null) {
                                if (this[field.oneof.name] !== null)
                                    this[this[field.oneof.name]] = null; // Unset the previous (field name is the oneof field's value)
                                this[field.oneof.name] = field.name;
                            } else if (field.oneof.name === key)
                                this[field.oneof.name] = null;
                        }
                        return this;
                    };

                    /**
                     * Sets a field's value. This is an alias for [@link ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#set}.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#$set
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} key Key
                     * @param {*} value Value to set
                     * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to not assert the value, defaults to `false`
                     * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be set
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.$set = MessagePrototype.set;

                    /**
                     * Gets a field's value.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#get
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} key Key
                     * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to not assert for an actual field, defaults to `false`
                     * @return {*} Value
                     * @throws {Error} If there is no such field
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.get = function(key, noAssert) {
                        if (noAssert)
                            return this[key];
                        var field = T._fieldsByName[key];
                        if (!field || !(field instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field))
                            throw Error(this+"#"+key+" is not a field: undefined");
                        if (!(field instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field))
                            throw Error(this+"#"+key+" is not a field: "+field.toString(true));
                        return this[field.name];
                    };

                    /**
                     * Gets a field's value. This is an alias for {@link ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#$get}.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#$get
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} key Key
                     * @return {*} Value
                     * @throws {Error} If there is no such field
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.$get = MessagePrototype.get;

                    // Getters and setters

                    for (var i=0; i<fields.length; i++) {
                        var field = fields[i];
                        // no setters for extension fields as these are named by their fqn
                        if (field instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.ExtensionField)
                            continue;

                        if (T.builder.options['populateAccessors'])
                            (function(field) {
                                // set/get[SomeValue]
                                var Name = field.originalName.replace(/(_[a-zA-Z])/g, function(match) {
                                    return match.toUpperCase().replace('_','');
                                });
                                Name = Name.substring(0,1).toUpperCase() + Name.substring(1);

                                // set/get_[some_value] FIXME: Do we really need these?
                                var name = field.originalName.replace(/([A-Z])/g, function(match) {
                                    return "_"+match;
                                });

                                /**
                                 * The current field's unbound setter function.
                                 * @function
                                 * @param {*} value
                                 * @param {boolean=} noAssert
                                 * @returns {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message}
                                 * @inner
                                 */
                                var setter = function(value, noAssert) {
                                    this[field.name] = noAssert ? value : field.verifyValue(value);
                                    return this;
                                };

                                /**
                                 * The current field's unbound getter function.
                                 * @function
                                 * @returns {*}
                                 * @inner
                                 */
                                var getter = function() {
                                    return this[field.name];
                                };

                                /**
                                 * Sets a value. This method is present for each field, but only if there is no name conflict with
                                 *  another field.
                                 * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#set[SomeField]
                                 * @function
                                 * @param {*} value Value to set
                                 * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to not assert the value, defaults to `false`
                                 * @returns {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} this
                                 * @abstract
                                 * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be set
                                 */
                                if (T.getChild("set"+Name) === null)
                                    MessagePrototype["set"+Name] = setter;

                                /**
                                 * Sets a value. This method is present for each field, but only if there is no name conflict with
                                 *  another field.
                                 * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#set_[some_field]
                                 * @function
                                 * @param {*} value Value to set
                                 * @param {boolean=} noAssert Whether to not assert the value, defaults to `false`
                                 * @returns {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} this
                                 * @abstract
                                 * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be set
                                 */
                                if (T.getChild("set_"+name) === null)
                                    MessagePrototype["set_"+name] = setter;

                                /**
                                 * Gets a value. This method is present for each field, but only if there is no name conflict with
                                 *  another field.
                                 * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#get[SomeField]
                                 * @function
                                 * @abstract
                                 * @return {*} The value
                                 */
                                if (T.getChild("get"+Name) === null)
                                    MessagePrototype["get"+Name] = getter;

                                /**
                                 * Gets a value. This method is present for each field, but only if there is no name conflict with
                                 *  another field.
                                 * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#get_[some_field]
                                 * @function
                                 * @return {*} The value
                                 * @abstract
                                 */
                                if (T.getChild("get_"+name) === null)
                                    MessagePrototype["get_"+name] = getter;

                            })(field);
                    }

                    // En-/decoding

                    /**
                     * Encodes the message.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#$encode
                     * @function
                     * @param {(!ByteBuffer|boolean)=} buffer ByteBuffer to encode to. Will create a new one and flip it if omitted.
                     * @param {boolean=} noVerify Whether to not verify field values, defaults to `false`
                     * @return {!ByteBuffer} Encoded message as a ByteBuffer
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the encoded ByteBuffer in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     * @see ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encode64
                     * @see ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeHex
                     * @see ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeAB
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.encode = function(buffer, noVerify) {
                        if (typeof buffer === 'boolean')
                            noVerify = buffer,
                            buffer = undefined;
                        var isNew = false;
                        if (!buffer)
                            buffer = new ByteBuffer(),
                            isNew = true;
                        var le = buffer.littleEndian;
                        try {
                            T.encode(this, buffer.LE(), noVerify);
                            return (isNew ? buffer.flip() : buffer).LE(le);
                        } catch (e) {
                            buffer.LE(le);
                            throw(e);
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * Calculates the byte length of the message.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#calculate
                     * @function
                     * @returns {number} Byte length
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be calculated or if required fields are missing.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.calculate = function() {
                        return T.calculate(this);
                    };

                    /**
                     * Encodes the varint32 length-delimited message.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeDelimited
                     * @function
                     * @param {(!ByteBuffer|boolean)=} buffer ByteBuffer to encode to. Will create a new one and flip it if omitted.
                     * @return {!ByteBuffer} Encoded message as a ByteBuffer
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the encoded ByteBuffer in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.encodeDelimited = function(buffer) {
                        var isNew = false;
                        if (!buffer)
                            buffer = new ByteBuffer(),
                            isNew = true;
                        var enc = new ByteBuffer().LE();
                        T.encode(this, enc).flip();
                        buffer.writeVarint32(enc.remaining());
                        buffer.append(enc);
                        return isNew ? buffer.flip() : buffer;
                    };

                    /**
                     * Directly encodes the message to an ArrayBuffer.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeAB
                     * @function
                     * @return {ArrayBuffer} Encoded message as ArrayBuffer
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the encoded ArrayBuffer in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.encodeAB = function() {
                        try {
                            return this.encode().toArrayBuffer();
                        } catch (e) {
                            if (e["encoded"]) e["encoded"] = e["encoded"].toArrayBuffer();
                            throw(e);
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * Returns the message as an ArrayBuffer. This is an alias for {@link ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeAB}.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#toArrayBuffer
                     * @function
                     * @return {ArrayBuffer} Encoded message as ArrayBuffer
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the encoded ArrayBuffer in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.toArrayBuffer = MessagePrototype.encodeAB;

                    /**
                     * Directly encodes the message to a node Buffer.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeNB
                     * @function
                     * @return {!Buffer}
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded, not running under node.js or if required fields are
                     *  missing. The later still returns the encoded node Buffer in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.encodeNB = function() {
                        try {
                            return this.encode().toBuffer();
                        } catch (e) {
                            if (e["encoded"]) e["encoded"] = e["encoded"].toBuffer();
                            throw(e);
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * Returns the message as a node Buffer. This is an alias for {@link ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeNB}.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#toBuffer
                     * @function
                     * @return {!Buffer}
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the encoded node Buffer in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.toBuffer = MessagePrototype.encodeNB;

                    /**
                     * Directly encodes the message to a base64 encoded string.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encode64
                     * @function
                     * @return {string} Base64 encoded string
                     * @throws {Error} If the underlying buffer cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later
                     *  still returns the encoded base64 string in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.encode64 = function() {
                        try {
                            return this.encode().toBase64();
                        } catch (e) {
                            if (e["encoded"]) e["encoded"] = e["encoded"].toBase64();
                            throw(e);
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * Returns the message as a base64 encoded string. This is an alias for {@link ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encode64}.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#toBase64
                     * @function
                     * @return {string} Base64 encoded string
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the encoded base64 string in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.toBase64 = MessagePrototype.encode64;

                    /**
                     * Directly encodes the message to a hex encoded string.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeHex
                     * @function
                     * @return {string} Hex encoded string
                     * @throws {Error} If the underlying buffer cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later
                     *  still returns the encoded hex string in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.encodeHex = function() {
                        try {
                            return this.encode().toHex();
                        } catch (e) {
                            if (e["encoded"]) e["encoded"] = e["encoded"].toHex();
                            throw(e);
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * Returns the message as a hex encoded string. This is an alias for {@link ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#encodeHex}.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#toHex
                     * @function
                     * @return {string} Hex encoded string
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be encoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the encoded hex string in the `encoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.toHex = MessagePrototype.encodeHex;

                    /**
                     * Clones a message object to a raw object.
                     * @param {*} obj Object to clone
                     * @param {boolean} includeBinaryAsBase64 Whether to include binary data as base64 strings or not
                     * @returns {*} Cloned object
                     * @inner
                     */
                    function cloneRaw(obj, includeBinaryAsBase64) {
                        var clone = {};
                        for (var i in obj)
                            if (obj.hasOwnProperty(i)) {
                                if (obj[i] === null || typeof obj[i] !== 'object')
                                    clone[i] = obj[i];
                                else if (obj[i] instanceof ByteBuffer) {
                                    if (includeBinaryAsBase64)
                                        clone[i] = obj[i].toBase64();
                                } else // is a non-null object
                                    clone[i] = cloneRaw(obj[i], includeBinaryAsBase64);
                            }
                        return clone;
                    }

                    /**
                     * Returns the message's raw payload.
                     * @param {boolean=} includeBinaryAsBase64 Whether to include binary data as base64 strings or not, defaults to `false`
                     * @returns {Object.<string,*>} Raw payload
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.toRaw = function(includeBinaryAsBase64) {
                        return cloneRaw(this, !!includeBinaryAsBase64);
                    };

                    /**
                     * Decodes a message from the specified buffer or string.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.decode
                     * @function
                     * @param {!ByteBuffer|!ArrayBuffer|!Buffer|string} buffer Buffer to decode from
                     * @param {string=} enc Encoding if buffer is a string: hex, utf8 (not recommended), defaults to base64
                     * @return {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} Decoded message
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be decoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the decoded message with missing fields in the `decoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     * @see ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.decode64
                     * @see ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.decodeHex
                     */
                    Message.decode = function(buffer, enc) {
                        if (typeof buffer === 'string')
                            buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer, enc ? enc : "base64");
                        buffer = buffer instanceof ByteBuffer ? buffer : ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer); // May throw
                        var le = buffer.littleEndian;
                        try {
                            var msg = T.decode(buffer.LE());
                            buffer.LE(le);
                            return msg;
                        } catch (e) {
                            buffer.LE(le);
                            throw(e);
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * Decodes a varint32 length-delimited message from the specified buffer or string.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.decodeDelimited
                     * @function
                     * @param {!ByteBuffer|!ArrayBuffer|!Buffer|string} buffer Buffer to decode from
                     * @param {string=} enc Encoding if buffer is a string: hex, utf8 (not recommended), defaults to base64
                     * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} Decoded message or `null` if not enough bytes are available yet
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be decoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the decoded message with missing fields in the `decoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    Message.decodeDelimited = function(buffer, enc) {
                        if (typeof buffer === 'string')
                            buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer, enc ? enc : "base64");
                        buffer = buffer instanceof ByteBuffer ? buffer : ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer); // May throw
                        if (buffer.remaining() < 1)
                            return null;
                        var off = buffer.offset,
                            len = buffer.readVarint32();
                        if (buffer.remaining() < len) {
                            buffer.offset = off;
                            return null;
                        }
                        try {
                            var msg = T.decode(buffer.slice(buffer.offset, buffer.offset + len).LE());
                            buffer.offset += len;
                            return msg;
                        } catch (err) {
                            buffer.offset += len;
                            throw err;
                        }
                    };

                    /**
                     * Decodes the message from the specified base64 encoded string.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.decode64
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} str String to decode from
                     * @return {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} Decoded message
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be decoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the decoded message with missing fields in the `decoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    Message.decode64 = function(str) {
                        return Message.decode(str, "base64");
                    };

                    /**
                     * Decodes the message from the specified hex encoded string.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.decodeHex
                     * @function
                     * @param {string} str String to decode from
                     * @return {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} Decoded message
                     * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be decoded or if required fields are missing. The later still
                     *  returns the decoded message with missing fields in the `decoded` property on the error.
                     * @expose
                     */
                    Message.decodeHex = function(str) {
                        return Message.decode(str, "hex");
                    };

                    // Utility

                    /**
                     * Returns a string representation of this Message.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#toString
                     * @function
                     * @return {string} String representation as of ".Fully.Qualified.MessageName"
                     * @expose
                     */
                    MessagePrototype.toString = function() {
                        return T.toString();
                    };

                    // Properties

                    /**
                     * Options.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message.$options
                     * @type {Object.<string,*>}
                     * @expose
                     */
                    var $options; // cc

                    /**
                     * Reflection type.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Message#$type
                     * @type {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message}
                     * @expose
                     */
                    var $type; // cc

                    if (Object.defineProperty)
                        Object.defineProperty(Message, '$options', { "value": T.buildOpt() }),
                        Object.defineProperty(MessagePrototype, "$type", {
                            get: function() { return T; }
                        });

                    return Message;

                })(ProtoBuf, this);

                // Static enums and prototyped sub-messages / cached collections
                this._fields = [];
                this._fieldsById = {};
                this._fieldsByName = {};
                for (var i=0, k=this.children.length, child; i<k; i++) {
                    child = this.children[i];
                    if (child instanceof Enum)
                        clazz[child.name] = child.build();
                    else if (child instanceof Message)
                        clazz[child.name] = child.build();
                    else if (child instanceof Message.Field)
                        child.build(),
                        this._fields.push(child),
                        this._fieldsById[child.id] = child,
                        this._fieldsByName[child.name] = child;
                    else if (!(child instanceof Message.OneOf) && !(child instanceof Extension)) // Not built
                        throw Error("Illegal reflect child of "+this.toString(true)+": "+children[i].toString(true));
                }

                return this.clazz = clazz;
            };

            /**
             * Encodes a runtime message's contents to the specified buffer.
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} message Runtime message to encode
             * @param {ByteBuffer} buffer ByteBuffer to write to
             * @param {boolean=} noVerify Whether to not verify field values, defaults to `false`
             * @return {ByteBuffer} The ByteBuffer for chaining
             * @throws {Error} If required fields are missing or the message cannot be encoded for another reason
             * @expose
             */
            MessagePrototype.encode = function(message, buffer, noVerify) {
                var fieldMissing = null,
                    field;
                for (var i=0, k=this._fields.length, val; i<k; ++i) {
                    field = this._fields[i];
                    val = message[field.name];
                    if (field.required && val === null) {
                        if (fieldMissing === null)
                            fieldMissing = field;
                    } else
                        field.encode(noVerify ? val : field.verifyValue(val), buffer);
                }
                if (fieldMissing !== null) {
                    var err = Error("Missing at least one required field for "+this.toString(true)+": "+fieldMissing);
                    err["encoded"] = buffer; // Still expose what we got
                    throw(err);
                }
                return buffer;
            };

            /**
             * Calculates a runtime message's byte length.
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} message Runtime message to encode
             * @returns {number} Byte length
             * @throws {Error} If required fields are missing or the message cannot be calculated for another reason
             * @expose
             */
            MessagePrototype.calculate = function(message) {
                for (var n=0, i=0, k=this._fields.length, field, val; i<k; ++i) {
                    field = this._fields[i];
                    val = message[field.name];
                    if (field.required && val === null)
                       throw Error("Missing at least one required field for "+this.toString(true)+": "+field);
                    else
                        n += field.calculate(val);
                }
                return n;
            };

            /**
             * Skips all data until the end of the specified group has been reached.
             * @param {number} expectedId Expected GROUPEND id
             * @param {!ByteBuffer} buf ByteBuffer
             * @returns {boolean} `true` if a value as been skipped, `false` if the end has been reached
             * @throws {Error} If it wasn't possible to find the end of the group (buffer overrun or end tag mismatch)
             * @inner
             */
            function skipTillGroupEnd(expectedId, buf) {
                var tag = buf.readVarint32(), // Throws on OOB
                    wireType = tag & 0x07,
                    id = tag >> 3;
                switch (wireType) {
                    case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT:
                        do tag = buf.readUint8();
                        while ((tag & 0x80) === 0x80);
                        break;
                    case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS64:
                        buf.offset += 8;
                        break;
                    case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM:
                        tag = buf.readVarint32(); // reads the varint
                        buf.offset += tag;        // skips n bytes
                        break;
                    case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.STARTGROUP:
                        skipTillGroupEnd(id, buf);
                        break;
                    case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.ENDGROUP:
                        if (id === expectedId)
                            return false;
                        else
                            throw Error("Illegal GROUPEND after unknown group: "+id+" ("+expectedId+" expected)");
                    case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS32:
                        buf.offset += 4;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw Error("Illegal wire type in unknown group "+expectedId+": "+wireType);
                }
                return true;
            }

            /**
             * Decodes an encoded message and returns the decoded message.
             * @param {ByteBuffer} buffer ByteBuffer to decode from
             * @param {number=} length Message length. Defaults to decode all the available data.
             * @param {number=} expectedGroupEndId Expected GROUPEND id if this is a legacy group
             * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} Decoded message
             * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be decoded
             * @expose
             */
            MessagePrototype.decode = function(buffer, length, expectedGroupEndId) {
                length = typeof length === 'number' ? length : -1;
                var start = buffer.offset,
                    msg = new (this.clazz)(),
                    tag, wireType, id, field;
                while (buffer.offset < start+length || (length === -1 && buffer.remaining() > 0)) {
                    tag = buffer.readVarint32();
                    wireType = tag & 0x07;
                    id = tag >> 3;
                    if (wireType === ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.ENDGROUP) {
                        if (id !== expectedGroupEndId)
                            throw Error("Illegal group end indicator for "+this.toString(true)+": "+id+" ("+(expectedGroupEndId ? expectedGroupEndId+" expected" : "not a group")+")");
                        break;
                    }
                    if (!(field = this._fieldsById[id])) {
                        // "messages created by your new code can be parsed by your old code: old binaries simply ignore the new field when parsing."
                        switch (wireType) {
                            case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.VARINT:
                                buffer.readVarint32();
                                break;
                            case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS32:
                                buffer.offset += 4;
                                break;
                            case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.BITS64:
                                buffer.offset += 8;
                                break;
                            case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM:
                                var len = buffer.readVarint32();
                                buffer.offset += len;
                                break;
                            case ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.STARTGROUP:
                                while (skipTillGroupEnd(id, buffer)) {}
                                break;
                            default:
                                throw Error("Illegal wire type for unknown field "+id+" in "+this.toString(true)+"#decode: "+wireType);
                        }
                        continue;
                    }
                    if (field.repeated && !field.options["packed"])
                        msg[field.name].push(field.decode(wireType, buffer));
                    else {
                        msg[field.name] = field.decode(wireType, buffer);
                        if (field.oneof) {
                            if (this[field.oneof.name] !== null)
                                this[this[field.oneof.name]] = null;
                            msg[field.oneof.name] = field.name;
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Check if all required fields are present and set default values for optional fields that are not
                for (var i=0, k=this._fields.length; i<k; ++i) {
                    field = this._fields[i];
                    if (msg[field.name] === null)
                        if (field.required) {
                            var err = Error("Missing at least one required field for "+this.toString(true)+": "+field.name);
                            err["decoded"] = msg; // Still expose what we got
                            throw(err);
                        } else if (field.defaultValue !== null)
                            msg[field.name] = field.defaultValue;
                }
                return msg;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Message = Message;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Message Field.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message} message Message reference
             * @param {string} rule Rule, one of requried, optional, repeated
             * @param {string} type Data type, e.g. int32
             * @param {string} name Field name
             * @param {number} id Unique field id
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Options
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.OneOf=} oneof Enclosing OneOf
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.T
             */
            var Field = function(builder, message, rule, type, name, id, options, oneof) {
                T.call(this, builder, message, name);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Message.Field";

                /**
                 * Message field required flag.
                 * @type {boolean}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.required = rule === "required";

                /**
                 * Message field repeated flag.
                 * @type {boolean}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.repeated = rule === "repeated";

                /**
                 * Message field type. Type reference string if unresolved, protobuf type if resolved.
                 * @type {string|{name: string, wireType: number}}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.type = type;

                /**
                 * Resolved type reference inside the global namespace.
                 * @type {ProtoBuf.Reflect.T|null}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.resolvedType = null;

                /**
                 * Unique message field id.
                 * @type {number}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.id = id;

                /**
                 * Message field options.
                 * @type {!Object.<string,*>}
                 * @dict
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.options = options || {};

                /**
                 * Default value.
                 * @type {*}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.defaultValue = null;

                /**
                 * Enclosing OneOf.
                 * @type {?ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.OneOf}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.oneof = oneof || null;

                /**
                 * Original field name.
                 * @type {string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.originalName = this.name; // Used to revert camelcase transformation on naming collisions

                // Convert field names to camel case notation if the override is set
                if (this.builder.options['convertFieldsToCamelCase'] && !(this instanceof Message.ExtensionField))
                    this.name = Field._toCamelCase(this.name);
            };

            /**
             * Converts a field name to camel case.
             * @param {string} name Likely underscore notated name
             * @returns {string} Camel case notated name
             * @private
             */
            Field._toCamelCase = function(name) {
                return name.replace(/_([a-zA-Z])/g, function($0, $1) {
                    return $1.toUpperCase();
                });
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var FieldPrototype = Field.prototype = Object.create(T.prototype);

            /**
             * Builds the field.
             * @override
             * @expose
             */
            FieldPrototype.build = function() {
                this.defaultValue = typeof this.options['default'] !== 'undefined'
                    ? this.verifyValue(this.options['default']) : null;
            };

            /**
             * Makes a Long from a value.
             * @param {{low: number, high: number, unsigned: boolean}|string|number} value Value
             * @param {boolean=} unsigned Whether unsigned or not, defaults to reuse it from Long-like objects or to signed for
             *  strings and numbers
             * @returns {!Long}
             * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be converted to a Long
             * @inner
             */
            function mkLong(value, unsigned) {
                if (value && typeof value.low === 'number' && typeof value.high === 'number' && typeof value.unsigned === 'boolean'
                    && value.low === value.low && value.high === value.high)
                    return new ProtoBuf.Long(value.low, value.high, typeof unsigned === 'undefined' ? value.unsigned : unsigned);
                if (typeof value === 'string')
                    return ProtoBuf.Long.fromString(value, unsigned || false, 10);
                if (typeof value === 'number')
                    return ProtoBuf.Long.fromNumber(value, unsigned || false);
                throw Error("not convertible to Long");
            }

            /**
             * Checks if the given value can be set for this field.
             * @param {*} value Value to check
             * @param {boolean=} skipRepeated Whether to skip the repeated value check or not. Defaults to false.
             * @return {*} Verified, maybe adjusted, value
             * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be set for this field
             * @expose
             */
            FieldPrototype.verifyValue = function(value, skipRepeated) {
                skipRepeated = skipRepeated || false;
                var fail = function(val, msg) {
                    throw Error("Illegal value for "+this.toString(true)+" of type "+this.type.name+": "+val+" ("+msg+")");
                }.bind(this);
                if (value === null) { // NULL values for optional fields
                    if (this.required)
                        fail(typeof value, "required");
                    return null;
                }
                var i;
                if (this.repeated && !skipRepeated) { // Repeated values as arrays
                    if (!ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(value))
                        value = [value];
                    var res = [];
                    for (i=0; i<value.length; i++)
                        res.push(this.verifyValue(value[i], true));
                    return res;
                }
                // All non-repeated fields expect no array
                if (!this.repeated && ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(value))
                    fail(typeof value, "no array expected");

                switch (this.type) {
                    // Signed 32bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int32"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint32"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed32"]:
                        // Account for !NaN: value === value
                        if (typeof value !== 'number' || (value === value && value % 1 !== 0))
                            fail(typeof value, "not an integer");
                        return value > 4294967295 ? value | 0 : value;

                    // Unsigned 32bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint32"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed32"]:
                        if (typeof value !== 'number' || (value === value && value % 1 !== 0))
                            fail(typeof value, "not an integer");
                        return value < 0 ? value >>> 0 : value;

                    // Signed 64bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int64"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint64"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed64"]: {
                        if (ProtoBuf.Long)
                            try {
                                return mkLong(value, false);
                            } catch (e) {
                                fail(typeof value, e.message);
                            }
                        else
                            fail(typeof value, "requires Long.js");
                    }

                    // Unsigned 64bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint64"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed64"]: {
                        if (ProtoBuf.Long)
                            try {
                                return mkLong(value, true);
                            } catch (e) {
                                fail(typeof value, e.message);
                            }
                        else
                            fail(typeof value, "requires Long.js");
                    }

                    // Bool
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bool"]:
                        if (typeof value !== 'boolean')
                            fail(typeof value, "not a boolean");
                        return value;

                    // Float
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["float"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["double"]:
                        if (typeof value !== 'number')
                            fail(typeof value, "not a number");
                        return value;

                    // Length-delimited string
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["string"]:
                        if (typeof value !== 'string' && !(value && value instanceof String))
                            fail(typeof value, "not a string");
                        return ""+value; // Convert String object to string

                    // Length-delimited bytes
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bytes"]:
                        if (ByteBuffer.isByteBuffer(value))
                            return value;
                        return ByteBuffer.wrap(value, "base64");

                    // Constant enum value
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["enum"]: {
                        var values = this.resolvedType.getChildren(Enum.Value);
                        for (i=0; i<values.length; i++)
                            if (values[i].name == value)
                                return values[i].id;
                            else if (values[i].id == value)
                                return values[i].id;
                        fail(value, "not a valid enum value");
                    }
                    // Embedded message
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["group"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["message"]: {
                        if (!value || typeof value !== 'object')
                            fail(typeof value, "object expected");
                        if (value instanceof this.resolvedType.clazz)
                            return value;
                        if (value instanceof ProtoBuf.Builder.Message) {
                            // Mismatched type: Convert to object (see: https://github.com/dcodeIO/ProtoBuf.js/issues/180)
                            var obj = {};
                            for (var i in value)
                                if (value.hasOwnProperty(i))
                                    obj[i] = value[i];
                            value = obj;
                        }
                        // Else let's try to construct one from a key-value object
                        return new (this.resolvedType.clazz)(value); // May throw for a hundred of reasons
                    }
                }

                // We should never end here
                throw Error("[INTERNAL] Illegal value for "+this.toString(true)+": "+value+" (undefined type "+this.type+")");
            };

            /**
             * Encodes the specified field value to the specified buffer.
             * @param {*} value Verified field value
             * @param {ByteBuffer} buffer ByteBuffer to encode to
             * @return {ByteBuffer} The ByteBuffer for chaining
             * @throws {Error} If the field cannot be encoded
             * @expose
             */
            FieldPrototype.encode = function(value, buffer) {
                if (this.type === null || typeof this.type !== 'object')
                    throw Error("[INTERNAL] Unresolved type in "+this.toString(true)+": "+this.type);
                if (value === null || (this.repeated && value.length == 0))
                    return buffer; // Optional omitted
                try {
                    if (this.repeated) {
                        var i;
                        // "Only repeated fields of primitive numeric types (types which use the varint, 32-bit, or 64-bit wire
                        // types) can be declared 'packed'."
                        if (this.options["packed"] && ProtoBuf.PACKABLE_WIRE_TYPES.indexOf(this.type.wireType) >= 0) {
                            // "All of the elements of the field are packed into a single key-value pair with wire type 2
                            // (length-delimited). Each element is encoded the same way it would be normally, except without a
                            // tag preceding it."
                            buffer.writeVarint32((this.id << 3) | ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM);
                            buffer.ensureCapacity(buffer.offset += 1); // We do not know the length yet, so let's assume a varint of length 1
                            var start = buffer.offset; // Remember where the contents begin
                            for (i=0; i<value.length; i++)
                                this.encodeValue(value[i], buffer);
                            var len = buffer.offset-start,
                                varintLen = ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(len);
                            if (varintLen > 1) { // We need to move the contents
                                var contents = buffer.slice(start, buffer.offset);
                                start += varintLen-1;
                                buffer.offset = start;
                                buffer.append(contents);
                            }
                            buffer.writeVarint32(len, start-varintLen);
                        } else {
                            // "If your message definition has repeated elements (without the [packed=true] option), the encoded
                            // message has zero or more key-value pairs with the same tag number"
                            for (i=0; i<value.length; i++)
                                buffer.writeVarint32((this.id << 3) | this.type.wireType),
                                this.encodeValue(value[i], buffer);
                        }
                    } else
                        buffer.writeVarint32((this.id << 3) | this.type.wireType),
                        this.encodeValue(value, buffer);
                } catch (e) {
                    throw Error("Illegal value for "+this.toString(true)+": "+value+" ("+e+")");
                }
                return buffer;
            };

            /**
             * Encodes a value to the specified buffer. Does not encode the key.
             * @param {*} value Field value
             * @param {ByteBuffer} buffer ByteBuffer to encode to
             * @return {ByteBuffer} The ByteBuffer for chaining
             * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be encoded
             * @expose
             */
            FieldPrototype.encodeValue = function(value, buffer) {
                if (value === null) return buffer; // Nothing to encode
                // Tag has already been written

                switch (this.type) {
                    // 32bit signed varint
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int32"]:
                        // "If you use int32 or int64 as the type for a negative number, the resulting varint is always ten bytes
                        // long – it is, effectively, treated like a very large unsigned integer." (see #122)
                        if (value < 0)
                            buffer.writeVarint64(value);
                        else
                            buffer.writeVarint32(value);
                        break;

                    // 32bit unsigned varint
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint32"]:
                        buffer.writeVarint32(value);
                        break;

                    // 32bit varint zig-zag
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint32"]:
                        buffer.writeVarint32ZigZag(value);
                        break;

                    // Fixed unsigned 32bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed32"]:
                        buffer.writeUint32(value);
                        break;

                    // Fixed signed 32bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed32"]:
                        buffer.writeInt32(value);
                        break;

                    // 64bit varint as-is
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int64"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint64"]:
                        buffer.writeVarint64(value); // throws
                        break;

                    // 64bit varint zig-zag
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint64"]:
                        buffer.writeVarint64ZigZag(value); // throws
                        break;

                    // Fixed unsigned 64bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed64"]:
                        buffer.writeUint64(value); // throws
                        break;

                    // Fixed signed 64bit
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed64"]:
                        buffer.writeInt64(value); // throws
                        break;

                    // Bool
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bool"]:
                        if (typeof value === 'string')
                            buffer.writeVarint32(value.toLowerCase() === 'false' ? 0 : !!value);
                        else
                            buffer.writeVarint32(value ? 1 : 0);
                        break;

                    // Constant enum value
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["enum"]:
                        buffer.writeVarint32(value);
                        break;

                    // 32bit float
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["float"]:
                        buffer.writeFloat32(value);
                        break;

                    // 64bit float
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["double"]:
                        buffer.writeFloat64(value);
                        break;

                    // Length-delimited string
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["string"]:
                        buffer.writeVString(value);
                        break;

                    // Length-delimited bytes
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bytes"]:
                        if (value.remaining() < 0)
                            throw Error("Illegal value for "+this.toString(true)+": "+value.remaining()+" bytes remaining");
                        var prevOffset = value.offset;
                        buffer.writeVarint32(value.remaining());
                        buffer.append(value);
                        value.offset = prevOffset;
                        break;

                    // Embedded message
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["message"]:
                        var bb = new ByteBuffer().LE();
                        this.resolvedType.encode(value, bb);
                        buffer.writeVarint32(bb.offset);
                        buffer.append(bb.flip());
                        break;

                    // Legacy group
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["group"]:
                        this.resolvedType.encode(value, buffer);
                        buffer.writeVarint32((this.id << 3) | ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.ENDGROUP);
                        break;

                    default:
                        // We should never end here
                        throw Error("[INTERNAL] Illegal value to encode in "+this.toString(true)+": "+value+" (unknown type)");
                }
                return buffer;
            };

            /**
             * Calculates the length of this field's value on the network level.
             * @param {*} value Field value
             * @returns {number} Byte length
             * @expose
             */
            FieldPrototype.calculate = function(value) {
                value = this.verifyValue(value); // May throw
                if (this.type === null || typeof this.type !== 'object')
                    throw Error("[INTERNAL] Unresolved type in "+this.toString(true)+": "+this.type);
                if (value === null || (this.repeated && value.length == 0))
                    return 0; // Optional omitted
                var n = 0;
                try {
                    if (this.repeated) {
                        var i, ni;
                        if (this.options["packed"] && ProtoBuf.PACKABLE_WIRE_TYPES.indexOf(this.type.wireType) >= 0) {
                            n += ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32((this.id << 3) | ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM);
                            ni = 0;
                            for (i=0; i<value.length; i++)
                                ni += this.calculateValue(value[i]);
                            n += ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(ni);
                            n += ni;
                        } else {
                            for (i=0; i<value.length; i++)
                                n += ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32((this.id << 3) | this.type.wireType),
                                n += this.calculateValue(value[i]);
                        }
                    } else {
                        n += ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32((this.id << 3) | this.type.wireType);
                        n += this.calculateValue(value);
                    }
                } catch (e) {
                    throw Error("Illegal value for "+this.toString(true)+": "+value+" ("+e+")");
                }
                return n;
            };

            /**
             * Calculates the byte length of a value.
             * @param {*} value Field value
             * @returns {number} Byte length
             * @throws {Error} If the value cannot be calculated
             * @expose
             */
            FieldPrototype.calculateValue = function(value) {
                if (value === null) return 0; // Nothing to encode
                // Tag has already been written
                var n;
                switch (this.type) {
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int32"]:
                        return value < 0 ? ByteBuffer.calculateVarint64(value) : ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(value);
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint32"]:
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(value);
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint32"]:
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(ByteBuffer.zigZagEncode32(value));
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed32"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed32"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["float"]:
                        return 4;
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int64"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint64"]:
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint64(value);
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint64"]:
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint64(ByteBuffer.zigZagEncode64(value));
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed64"]:
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed64"]:
                        return 8;
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bool"]:
                        return 1;
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["enum"]:
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(value);
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["double"]:
                        return 8;
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["string"]:
                        n = ByteBuffer.calculateUTF8Bytes(value);
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(n) + n;
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bytes"]:
                        if (value.remaining() < 0)
                            throw Error("Illegal value for "+this.toString(true)+": "+value.remaining()+" bytes remaining");
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(value.remaining()) + value.remaining();
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["message"]:
                        n = this.resolvedType.calculate(value);
                        return ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32(n) + n;
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["group"]:
                        n = this.resolvedType.calculate(value);
                        return n + ByteBuffer.calculateVarint32((this.id << 3) | ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.ENDGROUP);
                }
                // We should never end here
                throw Error("[INTERNAL] Illegal value to encode in "+this.toString(true)+": "+value+" (unknown type)");
            };

            /**
             * Decode the field value from the specified buffer.
             * @param {number} wireType Leading wire type
             * @param {ByteBuffer} buffer ByteBuffer to decode from
             * @param {boolean=} skipRepeated Whether to skip the repeated check or not. Defaults to false.
             * @return {*} Decoded value
             * @throws {Error} If the field cannot be decoded
             * @expose
             */
            FieldPrototype.decode = function(wireType, buffer, skipRepeated) {
                var value, nBytes;
                if (wireType != this.type.wireType && (skipRepeated || (wireType != ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM || !this.repeated)))
                    throw Error("Illegal wire type for field "+this.toString(true)+": "+wireType+" ("+this.type.wireType+" expected)");
                if (wireType == ProtoBuf.WIRE_TYPES.LDELIM && this.repeated && this.options["packed"] && ProtoBuf.PACKABLE_WIRE_TYPES.indexOf(this.type.wireType) >= 0) {
                    if (!skipRepeated) {
                        nBytes = buffer.readVarint32();
                        nBytes = buffer.offset + nBytes; // Limit
                        var values = [];
                        while (buffer.offset < nBytes)
                            values.push(this.decode(this.type.wireType, buffer, true));
                        return values;
                    }
                    // Read the next value otherwise...
                }
                switch (this.type) {
                    // 32bit signed varint
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int32"]:
                        return buffer.readVarint32() | 0;

                    // 32bit unsigned varint
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint32"]:
                        return buffer.readVarint32() >>> 0;

                    // 32bit signed varint zig-zag
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint32"]:
                        return buffer.readVarint32ZigZag() | 0;

                    // Fixed 32bit unsigned
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed32"]:
                        return buffer.readUint32() >>> 0;

                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed32"]:
                        return buffer.readInt32() | 0;

                    // 64bit signed varint
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["int64"]:
                        return buffer.readVarint64();

                    // 64bit unsigned varint
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["uint64"]:
                        return buffer.readVarint64().toUnsigned();

                    // 64bit signed varint zig-zag
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sint64"]:
                        return buffer.readVarint64ZigZag();

                    // Fixed 64bit unsigned
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["fixed64"]:
                        return buffer.readUint64();

                    // Fixed 64bit signed
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["sfixed64"]:
                        return buffer.readInt64();

                    // Bool varint
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bool"]:
                        return !!buffer.readVarint32();

                    // Constant enum value (varint)
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["enum"]:
                        // The following Builder.Message#set will already throw
                        return buffer.readVarint32();

                    // 32bit float
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["float"]:
                        return buffer.readFloat();

                    // 64bit float
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["double"]:
                        return buffer.readDouble();

                    // Length-delimited string
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["string"]:
                        return buffer.readVString();

                    // Length-delimited bytes
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["bytes"]: {
                        nBytes = buffer.readVarint32();
                        if (buffer.remaining() < nBytes)
                            throw Error("Illegal number of bytes for "+this.toString(true)+": "+nBytes+" required but got only "+buffer.remaining());
                        value = buffer.clone(); // Offset already set
                        value.limit = value.offset+nBytes;
                        buffer.offset += nBytes;
                        return value;
                    }

                    // Length-delimited embedded message
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["message"]: {
                        nBytes = buffer.readVarint32();
                        return this.resolvedType.decode(buffer, nBytes);
                    }

                    // Legacy group
                    case ProtoBuf.TYPES["group"]:
                        return this.resolvedType.decode(buffer, -1, this.id);
                }

                // We should never end here
                throw Error("[INTERNAL] Illegal wire type for "+this.toString(true)+": "+wireType);
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Message.Field = Field;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Message ExtensionField.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.ExtensionField
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message} message Message reference
             * @param {string} rule Rule, one of requried, optional, repeated
             * @param {string} type Data type, e.g. int32
             * @param {string} name Field name
             * @param {number} id Unique field id
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Options
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field
             */
            var ExtensionField = function(builder, message, rule, type, name, id, options) {
                Field.call(this, builder, message, rule, type, name, id, options);

                /**
                 * Extension reference.
                 * @type {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Extension}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.extension;
            };

            // Extends Field
            ExtensionField.prototype = Object.create(Field.prototype);

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.ExtensionField
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Message.ExtensionField = ExtensionField;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Message OneOf.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.OneOf
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message} message Message reference
             * @param {string} name OneOf name
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.T
             */
            var OneOf = function(builder, message, name) {
                T.call(this, builder, message, name);

                /**
                 * Enclosed fields.
                 * @type {!Array.<!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field>}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.fields = [];
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.OneOf
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Message.OneOf = OneOf;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Enum.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Enum
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.T} parent Parent Reflect object
             * @param {string} name Enum name
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Enum options
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace
             */
            var Enum = function(builder, parent, name, options) {
                Namespace.call(this, builder, parent, name, options);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Enum";

                /**
                 * Runtime enum object.
                 * @type {Object.<string,number>|null}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.object = null;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Enum.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var EnumPrototype = Enum.prototype = Object.create(Namespace.prototype);

            /**
             * Builds this enum and returns the runtime counterpart.
             * @return {Object<string,*>}
             * @expose
             */
            EnumPrototype.build = function() {
                var enm = {},
                    values = this.getChildren(Enum.Value);
                for (var i=0, k=values.length; i<k; ++i)
                    enm[values[i]['name']] = values[i]['id'];
                if (Object.defineProperty)
                    Object.defineProperty(enm, '$options', { "value": this.buildOpt() });
                return this.object = enm;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Enum
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Enum = Enum;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Enum Value.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Enum.Value
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Enum} enm Enum reference
             * @param {string} name Field name
             * @param {number} id Unique field id
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.T
             */
            var Value = function(builder, enm, name, id) {
                T.call(this, builder, enm, name);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Enum.Value";

                /**
                 * Unique enum value id.
                 * @type {number}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.id = id;
            };

            // Extends T
            Value.prototype = Object.create(T.prototype);

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Enum.Value
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Enum.Value = Value;

            /**
             * An extension (field).
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Extension
             * @constructor
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.T} parent Parent object
             * @param {string} name Object name
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field} field Extension field
             */
            var Extension = function(builder, parent, name, field) {
                T.call(this, builder, parent, name);

                /**
                 * Extended message field.
                 * @type {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.Field}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.field = field;
            };

            // Extends T
            Extension.prototype = Object.create(T.prototype);

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Extension
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Extension = Extension;

            /**
             * Constructs a new Service.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace} root Root
             * @param {string} name Service name
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Options
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace
             */
            var Service = function(builder, root, name, options) {
                Namespace.call(this, builder, root, name, options);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Service";

                /**
                 * Built runtime service class.
                 * @type {?function(new:ProtoBuf.Builder.Service)}
                 */
                this.clazz = null;
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var ServicePrototype = Service.prototype = Object.create(Namespace.prototype);

            /**
             * Builds the service and returns the runtime counterpart, which is a fully functional class.
             * @see ProtoBuf.Builder.Service
             * @param {boolean=} rebuild Whether to rebuild or not
             * @return {Function} Service class
             * @throws {Error} If the message cannot be built
             * @expose
             */
            ServicePrototype.build = function(rebuild) {
                if (this.clazz && !rebuild)
                    return this.clazz;

                // Create the runtime Service class in its own scope
                return this.clazz = (function(ProtoBuf, T) {

                    /**
                     * Constructs a new runtime Service.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Service
                     * @param {function(string, ProtoBuf.Builder.Message, function(Error, ProtoBuf.Builder.Message=))=} rpcImpl RPC implementation receiving the method name and the message
                     * @class Barebone of all runtime services.
                     * @constructor
                     * @throws {Error} If the service cannot be created
                     */
                    var Service = function(rpcImpl) {
                        ProtoBuf.Builder.Service.call(this);

                        /**
                         * Service implementation.
                         * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Service#rpcImpl
                         * @type {!function(string, ProtoBuf.Builder.Message, function(Error, ProtoBuf.Builder.Message=))}
                         * @expose
                         */
                        this.rpcImpl = rpcImpl || function(name, msg, callback) {
                            // This is what a user has to implement: A function receiving the method name, the actual message to
                            // send (type checked) and the callback that's either provided with the error as its first
                            // argument or null and the actual response message.
                            setTimeout(callback.bind(this, Error("Not implemented, see: https://github.com/dcodeIO/ProtoBuf.js/wiki/Services")), 0); // Must be async!
                        };
                    };

                    /**
                     * @alias ProtoBuf.Builder.Service.prototype
                     * @inner
                     */
                    var ServicePrototype = Service.prototype = Object.create(ProtoBuf.Builder.Service.prototype);

                    if (Object.defineProperty)
                        Object.defineProperty(Service, "$options", { "value": T.buildOpt() }),
                        Object.defineProperty(ServicePrototype, "$options", { "value": Service["$options"] });

                    /**
                     * Asynchronously performs an RPC call using the given RPC implementation.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Service.[Method]
                     * @function
                     * @param {!function(string, ProtoBuf.Builder.Message, function(Error, ProtoBuf.Builder.Message=))} rpcImpl RPC implementation
                     * @param {ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} req Request
                     * @param {function(Error, (ProtoBuf.Builder.Message|ByteBuffer|Buffer|string)=)} callback Callback receiving
                     *  the error if any and the response either as a pre-parsed message or as its raw bytes
                     * @abstract
                     */

                    /**
                     * Asynchronously performs an RPC call using the instance's RPC implementation.
                     * @name ProtoBuf.Builder.Service#[Method]
                     * @function
                     * @param {ProtoBuf.Builder.Message} req Request
                     * @param {function(Error, (ProtoBuf.Builder.Message|ByteBuffer|Buffer|string)=)} callback Callback receiving
                     *  the error if any and the response either as a pre-parsed message or as its raw bytes
                     * @abstract
                     */

                    var rpc = T.getChildren(ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.RPCMethod);
                    for (var i=0; i<rpc.length; i++) {
                        (function(method) {

                            // service#Method(message, callback)
                            ServicePrototype[method.name] = function(req, callback) {
                                try {
                                    if (!req || !(req instanceof method.resolvedRequestType.clazz)) {
                                        setTimeout(callback.bind(this, Error("Illegal request type provided to service method "+T.name+"#"+method.name)), 0);
                                        return;
                                    }
                                    this.rpcImpl(method.fqn(), req, function(err, res) { // Assumes that this is properly async
                                        if (err) {
                                            callback(err);
                                            return;
                                        }
                                        try { res = method.resolvedResponseType.clazz.decode(res); } catch (notABuffer) {}
                                        if (!res || !(res instanceof method.resolvedResponseType.clazz)) {
                                            callback(Error("Illegal response type received in service method "+ T.name+"#"+method.name));
                                            return;
                                        }
                                        callback(null, res);
                                    });
                                } catch (err) {
                                    setTimeout(callback.bind(this, err), 0);
                                }
                            };

                            // Service.Method(rpcImpl, message, callback)
                            Service[method.name] = function(rpcImpl, req, callback) {
                                new Service(rpcImpl)[method.name](req, callback);
                            };

                            if (Object.defineProperty)
                                Object.defineProperty(Service[method.name], "$options", { "value": method.buildOpt() }),
                                Object.defineProperty(ServicePrototype[method.name], "$options", { "value": Service[method.name]["$options"] });
                        })(rpc[i]);
                    }

                    return Service;

                })(ProtoBuf, this);
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Service = Service;

            /**
             * Abstract service method.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.Method
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service} svc Service
             * @param {string} name Method name
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Options
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.T
             */
            var Method = function(builder, svc, name, options) {
                T.call(this, builder, svc, name);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Service.Method";

                /**
                 * Options.
                 * @type {Object.<string, *>}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.options = options || {};
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.Method.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var MethodPrototype = Method.prototype = Object.create(T.prototype);

            /**
             * Builds the method's '$options' property.
             * @name ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.Method#buildOpt
             * @function
             * @return {Object.<string,*>}
             */
            MethodPrototype.buildOpt = NamespacePrototype.buildOpt;

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.Method
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Service.Method = Method;

            /**
             * RPC service method.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.RPCMethod
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Builder} builder Builder reference
             * @param {!ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service} svc Service
             * @param {string} name Method name
             * @param {string} request Request message name
             * @param {string} response Response message name
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Options
             * @constructor
             * @extends ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.Method
             */
            var RPCMethod = function(builder, svc, name, request, response, options) {
                Method.call(this, builder, svc, name, options);

                /**
                 * @override
                 */
                this.className = "Service.RPCMethod";

                /**
                 * Request message name.
                 * @type {string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.requestName = request;

                /**
                 * Response message name.
                 * @type {string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.responseName = response;

                /**
                 * Resolved request message type.
                 * @type {ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.resolvedRequestType = null;

                /**
                 * Resolved response message type.
                 * @type {ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.resolvedResponseType = null;
            };

            // Extends Method
            RPCMethod.prototype = Object.create(Method.prototype);

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.RPCMethod
             * @expose
             */
            Reflect.Service.RPCMethod = RPCMethod;

            return Reflect;

        })(ProtoBuf);

        /**
         * @alias ProtoBuf.Builder
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.Builder = (function(ProtoBuf, Lang, Reflect) {
            "use strict";

            /**
             * Constructs a new Builder.
             * @exports ProtoBuf.Builder
             * @class Provides the functionality to build protocol messages.
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Options
             * @constructor
             */
            var Builder = function(options) {

                /**
                 * Namespace.
                 * @type {ProtoBuf.Reflect.Namespace}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.ns = new Reflect.Namespace(this, null, ""); // Global namespace

                /**
                 * Namespace pointer.
                 * @type {ProtoBuf.Reflect.T}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.ptr = this.ns;

                /**
                 * Resolved flag.
                 * @type {boolean}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.resolved = false;

                /**
                 * The current building result.
                 * @type {Object.<string,ProtoBuf.Builder.Message|Object>|null}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.result = null;

                /**
                 * Imported files.
                 * @type {Array.<string>}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.files = {};

                /**
                 * Import root override.
                 * @type {?string}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.importRoot = null;

                /**
                 * Options.
                 * @type {!Object.<string, *>}
                 * @expose
                 */
                this.options = options || {};
            };

            /**
             * @alias ProtoBuf.Builder.prototype
             * @inner
             */
            var BuilderPrototype = Builder.prototype;

            /**
             * Resets the pointer to the root namespace.
             * @expose
             */
            BuilderPrototype.reset = function() {
                this.ptr = this.ns;
            };

            /**
             * Defines a package on top of the current pointer position and places the pointer on it.
             * @param {string} pkg
             * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options
             * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder} this
             * @throws {Error} If the package name is invalid
             * @expose
             */
            BuilderPrototype.define = function(pkg, options) {
                if (typeof pkg !== 'string' || !Lang.TYPEREF.test(pkg))
                    throw Error("Illegal package: "+pkg);
                var part = pkg.split("."), i;
                for (i=0; i<part.length; i++) // To be absolutely sure
                    if (!Lang.NAME.test(part[i]))
                        throw Error("Illegal package: "+part[i]);
                for (i=0; i<part.length; i++) {
                    if (this.ptr.getChild(part[i]) === null) // Keep existing namespace
                        this.ptr.addChild(new Reflect.Namespace(this, this.ptr, part[i], options));
                    this.ptr = this.ptr.getChild(part[i]);
                }
                return this;
            };

            /**
             * Tests if a definition is a valid message definition.
             * @param {Object.<string,*>} def Definition
             * @return {boolean} true if valid, else false
             * @expose
             */
            Builder.isValidMessage = function(def) {
                // Messages require a string name
                if (typeof def["name"] !== 'string' || !Lang.NAME.test(def["name"]))
                    return false;
                // Messages must not contain values (that'd be an enum) or methods (that'd be a service)
                if (typeof def["values"] !== 'undefined' || typeof def["rpc"] !== 'undefined')
                    return false;
                // Fields, enums and messages are arrays if provided
                var i;
                if (typeof def["fields"] !== 'undefined') {
                    if (!ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(def["fields"]))
                        return false;
                    var ids = [], id; // IDs must be unique
                    for (i=0; i<def["fields"].length; i++) {
                        if (!Builder.isValidMessageField(def["fields"][i]))
                            return false;
                        id = parseInt(def["fields"][i]["id"], 10);
                        if (ids.indexOf(id) >= 0)
                            return false;
                        ids.push(id);
                    }
                    ids = null;
                }
                if (typeof def["enums"] !== 'undefined') {
                    if (!ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(def["enums"]))
                        return false;
                    for (i=0; i<def["enums"].length; i++)
                        if (!Builder.isValidEnum(def["enums"][i]))
                            return false;
                }
                if (typeof def["messages"] !== 'undefined') {
                    if (!ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(def["messages"]))
                        return false;
                    for (i=0; i<def["messages"].length; i++)
                        if (!Builder.isValidMessage(def["messages"][i]) && !Builder.isValidExtend(def["messages"][i]))
                            return false;
                }
                if (typeof def["extensions"] !== 'undefined')
                    if (!ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(def["extensions"]) || def["extensions"].length !== 2 || typeof def["extensions"][0] !== 'number' || typeof def["extensions"][1] !== 'number')
                        return false;
                return true;
            };

            /**
             * Tests if a definition is a valid message field definition.
             * @param {Object} def Definition
             * @return {boolean} true if valid, else false
             * @expose
             */
            Builder.isValidMessageField = function(def) {
                // Message fields require a string rule, name and type and an id
                if (typeof def["rule"] !== 'string' || typeof def["name"] !== 'string' || typeof def["type"] !== 'string' || typeof def["id"] === 'undefined')
                    return false;
                if (!Lang.RULE.test(def["rule"]) || !Lang.NAME.test(def["name"]) || !Lang.TYPEREF.test(def["type"]) || !Lang.ID.test(""+def["id"]))
                    return false;
                if (typeof def["options"] !== 'undefined') {
                    // Options are objects
                    if (typeof def["options"] !== 'object')
                        return false;
                    // Options are <string,string|number|boolean>
                    var keys = Object.keys(def["options"]);
                    for (var i=0, key; i<keys.length; i++)
                        if (typeof (key = keys[i]) !== 'string' || (typeof def["options"][key] !== 'string' && typeof def["options"][key] !== 'number' && typeof def["options"][key] !== 'boolean'))
                            return false;
                }
                return true;
            };

            /**
             * Tests if a definition is a valid enum definition.
             * @param {Object} def Definition
             * @return {boolean} true if valid, else false
             * @expose
             */
            Builder.isValidEnum = function(def) {
                // Enums require a string name
                if (typeof def["name"] !== 'string' || !Lang.NAME.test(def["name"]))
                    return false;
                // Enums require at least one value
                if (typeof def["values"] === 'undefined' || !ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(def["values"]) || def["values"].length == 0)
                    return false;
                for (var i=0; i<def["values"].length; i++) {
                    // Values are objects
                    if (typeof def["values"][i] != "object")
                        return false;
                    // Values require a string name and an id
                    if (typeof def["values"][i]["name"] !== 'string' || typeof def["values"][i]["id"] === 'undefined')
                        return false;
                    if (!Lang.NAME.test(def["values"][i]["name"]) || !Lang.NEGID.test(""+def["values"][i]["id"]))
                        return false;
                }
                // It's not important if there are other fields because ["values"] is already unique
                return true;
            };

            /**
             * Creates ths specified protocol types at the current pointer position.
             * @param {Array.<Object.<string,*>>} defs Messages, enums or services to create
             * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder} this
             * @throws {Error} If a message definition is invalid
             * @expose
             */
            BuilderPrototype.create = function(defs) {
                if (!defs)
                    return this; // Nothing to create
                if (!ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(defs))
                    defs = [defs];
                if (defs.length == 0)
                    return this;

                // It's quite hard to keep track of scopes and memory here, so let's do this iteratively.
                var stack = [];
                stack.push(defs); // One level [a, b, c]
                while (stack.length > 0) {
                    defs = stack.pop();
                    if (ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(defs)) { // Stack always contains entire namespaces
                        while (defs.length > 0) {
                            var def = defs.shift(); // Namespace always contains an array of messages, enums and services
                            if (Builder.isValidMessage(def)) {
                                var obj = new Reflect.Message(this, this.ptr, def["name"], def["options"], def["isGroup"]);
                                // Create OneOfs
                                var oneofs = {};
                                if (def["oneofs"]) {
                                    var keys = Object.keys(def["oneofs"]);
                                    for (var i=0, k=keys.length; i<k; ++i)
                                        obj.addChild(oneofs[keys[i]] = new Reflect.Message.OneOf(this, obj, keys[i]));
                                }
                                // Create fields
                                if (def["fields"] && def["fields"].length > 0) {
                                    for (i=0, k=def["fields"].length; i<k; ++i) { // i:k=Fields
                                        var fld = def['fields'][i];
                                        if (obj.getChild(fld['id']) !== null)
                                            throw Error("Duplicate field id in message "+obj.name+": "+fld['id']);
                                        if (fld["options"]) {
                                            var opts = Object.keys(fld["options"]);
                                            for (var j= 0,l=opts.length; j<l; ++j) { // j:l=Option names
                                                if (typeof opts[j] !== 'string')
                                                    throw Error("Illegal field option name in message "+obj.name+"#"+fld["name"]+": "+opts[j]);
                                                if (typeof fld["options"][opts[j]] !== 'string' && typeof fld["options"][opts[j]] !== 'number' && typeof fld["options"][opts[j]] !== 'boolean')
                                                    throw Error("Illegal field option value in message "+obj.name+"#"+fld["name"]+"#"+opts[j]+": "+fld["options"][opts[j]]);
                                            }
                                        }
                                        var oneof = null;
                                        if (typeof fld["oneof"] === 'string') {
                                            oneof = oneofs[fld["oneof"]];
                                            if (typeof oneof === 'undefined')
                                                throw Error("Illegal oneof in message "+obj.name+"#"+fld["name"]+": "+fld["oneof"]);
                                        }
                                        fld = new Reflect.Message.Field(this, obj, fld["rule"], fld["type"], fld["name"], fld["id"], fld["options"], oneof);
                                        if (oneof)
                                            oneof.fields.push(fld);
                                        obj.addChild(fld);
                                    }
                                }
                                // Push enums and messages to stack
                                var subObj = [];
                                if (typeof def["enums"] !== 'undefined' && def['enums'].length > 0)
                                    for (i=0; i<def["enums"].length; i++)
                                        subObj.push(def["enums"][i]);
                                if (def["messages"] && def["messages"].length > 0)
                                    for (i=0; i<def["messages"].length; i++)
                                        subObj.push(def["messages"][i]);
                                // Set extension range
                                if (def["extensions"]) {
                                    obj.extensions = def["extensions"];
                                    if (obj.extensions[0] < ProtoBuf.ID_MIN)
                                        obj.extensions[0] = ProtoBuf.ID_MIN;
                                    if (obj.extensions[1] > ProtoBuf.ID_MAX)
                                        obj.extensions[1] = ProtoBuf.ID_MAX;
                                }
                                this.ptr.addChild(obj); // Add to current namespace
                                if (subObj.length > 0) {
                                    stack.push(defs); // Push the current level back
                                    defs = subObj; // Continue processing sub level
                                    subObj = null;
                                    this.ptr = obj; // And move the pointer to this namespace
                                    obj = null;
                                    continue;
                                }
                                subObj = null;
                                obj = null;
                            } else if (Builder.isValidEnum(def)) {
                                obj = new Reflect.Enum(this, this.ptr, def["name"], def["options"]);
                                for (i=0; i<def["values"].length; i++)
                                    obj.addChild(new Reflect.Enum.Value(this, obj, def["values"][i]["name"], def["values"][i]["id"]));
                                this.ptr.addChild(obj);
                                obj = null;
                            } else if (Builder.isValidService(def)) {
                                obj = new Reflect.Service(this, this.ptr, def["name"], def["options"]);
                                for (i in def["rpc"])
                                    if (def["rpc"].hasOwnProperty(i))
                                        obj.addChild(new Reflect.Service.RPCMethod(this, obj, i, def["rpc"][i]["request"], def["rpc"][i]["response"], def["rpc"][i]["options"]));
                                this.ptr.addChild(obj);
                                obj = null;
                            } else if (Builder.isValidExtend(def)) {
                                obj = this.ptr.resolve(def["ref"]);
                                if (obj) {
                                    for (i=0; i<def["fields"].length; i++) { // i=Fields
                                        if (obj.getChild(def['fields'][i]['id']) !== null)
                                            throw Error("Duplicate extended field id in message "+obj.name+": "+def['fields'][i]['id']);
                                        if (def['fields'][i]['id'] < obj.extensions[0] || def['fields'][i]['id'] > obj.extensions[1])
                                            throw Error("Illegal extended field id in message "+obj.name+": "+def['fields'][i]['id']+" ("+obj.extensions.join(' to ')+" expected)");
                                        // Convert extension field names to camel case notation if the override is set
                                        var name = def["fields"][i]["name"];
                                        if (this.options['convertFieldsToCamelCase'])
                                            name = Reflect.Message.Field._toCamelCase(def["fields"][i]["name"]);
                                        // see #161: Extensions use their fully qualified name as their runtime key and...
                                        fld = new Reflect.Message.ExtensionField(this, obj, def["fields"][i]["rule"], def["fields"][i]["type"], this.ptr.fqn()+'.'+name, def["fields"][i]["id"], def["fields"][i]["options"]);
                                        // ...are added on top of the current namespace as an extension which is used for
                                        // resolving their type later on (the extension always keeps the original name to
                                        // prevent naming collisions)
                                        var ext = new Reflect.Extension(this, this.ptr, def["fields"][i]["name"], fld);
                                        fld.extension = ext;
                                        this.ptr.addChild(ext);
                                        obj.addChild(fld);
                                    }
                                } else if (!/\.?google\.protobuf\./.test(def["ref"])) // Silently skip internal extensions
                                    throw Error("Extended message "+def["ref"]+" is not defined");
                            } else
                                throw Error("Not a valid definition: "+JSON.stringify(def));
                            def = null;
                        }
                        // Break goes here
                    } else
                        throw Error("Not a valid namespace: "+JSON.stringify(defs));
                    defs = null;
                    this.ptr = this.ptr.parent; // This namespace is s done
                }
                this.resolved = false; // Require re-resolve
                this.result = null; // Require re-build
                return this;
            };

            /**
             * Imports another definition into this builder.
             * @param {Object.<string,*>} json Parsed import
             * @param {(string|{root: string, file: string})=} filename Imported file name
             * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder} this
             * @throws {Error} If the definition or file cannot be imported
             * @expose
             */
            BuilderPrototype["import"] = function(json, filename) {
                if (typeof filename === 'string') {
                    if (ProtoBuf.Util.IS_NODE)
                        filename = require("path")['resolve'](filename);
                    if (this.files[filename] === true) {
                        this.reset();
                        return this; // Skip duplicate imports
                    }
                    this.files[filename] = true;
                }
                if (!!json['imports'] && json['imports'].length > 0) {
                    var importRoot, delim = '/', resetRoot = false;
                    if (typeof filename === 'object') { // If an import root is specified, override
                        this.importRoot = filename["root"]; resetRoot = true; // ... and reset afterwards
                        importRoot = this.importRoot;
                        filename = filename["file"];
                        if (importRoot.indexOf("\\") >= 0 || filename.indexOf("\\") >= 0) delim = '\\';
                    } else if (typeof filename === 'string') {
                        if (this.importRoot) // If import root is overridden, use it
                            importRoot = this.importRoot;
                        else { // Otherwise compute from filename
                            if (filename.indexOf("/") >= 0) { // Unix
                                importRoot = filename.replace(/\/[^\/]*$/, "");
                                if (/* /file.proto */ importRoot === "")
                                    importRoot = "/";
                            } else if (filename.indexOf("\\") >= 0) { // Windows
                                importRoot = filename.replace(/\\[^\\]*$/, "");
                                delim = '\\';
                            } else
                                importRoot = ".";
                        }
                    } else
                        importRoot = null;

                    for (var i=0; i<json['imports'].length; i++) {
                        if (typeof json['imports'][i] === 'string') { // Import file
                            if (!importRoot)
                                throw Error("Cannot determine import root: File name is unknown");
                            var importFilename = json['imports'][i];
                            if (/^google\/protobuf\//.test(importFilename))
                                continue; // Not needed and therefore not used
                            importFilename = importRoot+delim+importFilename;
                            if (this.files[importFilename] === true)
                                continue; // Already imported
                            if (/\.proto$/i.test(importFilename) && !ProtoBuf.DotProto)     // If this is a NOPARSE build
                                importFilename = importFilename.replace(/\.proto$/, ".json"); // always load the JSON file
                            var contents = ProtoBuf.Util.fetch(importFilename);
                            if (contents === null)
                                throw Error("Failed to import '"+importFilename+"' in '"+filename+"': File not found");
                            if (/\.json$/i.test(importFilename)) // Always possible
                                this["import"](JSON.parse(contents+""), importFilename); // May throw
                            else
                                this["import"]((new ProtoBuf.DotProto.Parser(contents+"")).parse(), importFilename); // May throw
                        } else // Import structure
                            if (!filename)
                                this["import"](json['imports'][i]);
                            else if (/\.(\w+)$/.test(filename)) // With extension: Append _importN to the name portion to make it unique
                                this["import"](json['imports'][i], filename.replace(/^(.+)\.(\w+)$/, function($0, $1, $2) { return $1+"_import"+i+"."+$2; }));
                            else // Without extension: Append _importN to make it unique
                                this["import"](json['imports'][i], filename+"_import"+i);
                    }
                    if (resetRoot) // Reset import root override when all imports are done
                        this.importRoot = null;
                }
                if (json['messages']) {
                    if (json['package'])
                        this.define(json['package'], json["options"]);
                    this.create(json['messages']);
                    this.reset();
                }
                if (json['enums']) {
                    if (json['package'])
                        this.define(json['package'], json["options"]);
                    this.create(json['enums']);
                    this.reset();
                }
                if (json['services']) {
                    if (json['package'])
                        this.define(json['package'], json["options"]);
                    this.create(json['services']);
                    this.reset();
                }
                if (json['extends']) {
                    if (json['package'])
                        this.define(json['package'], json["options"]);
                    this.create(json['extends']);
                    this.reset();
                }
                return this;
            };

            /**
             * Tests if a definition is a valid service definition.
             * @param {Object} def Definition
             * @return {boolean} true if valid, else false
             * @expose
             */
            Builder.isValidService = function(def) {
                // Services require a string name and an rpc object
                return !(typeof def["name"] !== 'string' || !Lang.NAME.test(def["name"]) || typeof def["rpc"] !== 'object');
            };

            /**
             * Tests if a definition is a valid extension.
             * @param {Object} def Definition
             * @returns {boolean} true if valid, else false
             * @expose
            */
            Builder.isValidExtend = function(def) {
                if (typeof def["ref"] !== 'string' || !Lang.TYPEREF.test(def["ref"]))
                    return false;
                var i;
                if (typeof def["fields"] !== 'undefined') {
                    if (!ProtoBuf.Util.isArray(def["fields"]))
                        return false;
                    var ids = [], id; // IDs must be unique (does not yet test for the extended message's ids)
                    for (i=0; i<def["fields"].length; i++) {
                        if (!Builder.isValidMessageField(def["fields"][i]))
                            return false;
                        id = parseInt(def["id"], 10);
                        if (ids.indexOf(id) >= 0)
                            return false;
                        ids.push(id);
                    }
                    ids = null;
                }
                return true;
            };

            /**
             * Resolves all namespace objects.
             * @throws {Error} If a type cannot be resolved
             * @expose
             */
            BuilderPrototype.resolveAll = function() {
                // Resolve all reflected objects
                var res;
                if (this.ptr == null || typeof this.ptr.type === 'object')
                    return; // Done (already resolved)
                if (this.ptr instanceof Reflect.Namespace) {
                    // Build all children
                    var children = this.ptr.children;
                    for (var i= 0, k=children.length; i<k; ++i)
                        this.ptr = children[i],
                        this.resolveAll();
                } else if (this.ptr instanceof Reflect.Message.Field) {
                    if (!Lang.TYPE.test(this.ptr.type)) { // Resolve type...
                        if (!Lang.TYPEREF.test(this.ptr.type))
                            throw Error("Illegal type reference in "+this.ptr.toString(true)+": "+this.ptr.type);
                        res = (this.ptr instanceof Reflect.Message.ExtensionField ? this.ptr.extension.parent : this.ptr.parent).resolve(this.ptr.type, true);
                        if (!res)
                            throw Error("Unresolvable type reference in "+this.ptr.toString(true)+": "+this.ptr.type);
                        this.ptr.resolvedType = res;
                        if (res instanceof Reflect.Enum)
                            this.ptr.type = ProtoBuf.TYPES["enum"];
                        else if (res instanceof Reflect.Message)
                            this.ptr.type = res.isGroup ? ProtoBuf.TYPES["group"] : ProtoBuf.TYPES["message"];
                        else
                            throw Error("Illegal type reference in "+this.ptr.toString(true)+": "+this.ptr.type);
                    } else
                        this.ptr.type = ProtoBuf.TYPES[this.ptr.type];
                } else if (this.ptr instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Enum.Value) {
                    // No need to build enum values (built in enum)
                } else if (this.ptr instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.Method) {
                    if (this.ptr instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Service.RPCMethod) {
                        res = this.ptr.parent.resolve(this.ptr.requestName);
                        if (!res || !(res instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message))
                            throw Error("Illegal type reference in "+this.ptr.toString(true)+": "+this.ptr.requestName);
                        this.ptr.resolvedRequestType = res;
                        res = this.ptr.parent.resolve(this.ptr.responseName);
                        if (!res || !(res instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message))
                            throw Error("Illegal type reference in "+this.ptr.toString(true)+": "+this.ptr.responseName);
                        this.ptr.resolvedResponseType = res;
                    } else {
                        // Should not happen as nothing else is implemented
                        throw Error("Illegal service type in "+this.ptr.toString(true));
                    }
                } else if (!(this.ptr instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Message.OneOf) && !(this.ptr instanceof ProtoBuf.Reflect.Extension))
                    throw Error("Illegal object in namespace: "+typeof(this.ptr)+":"+this.ptr);
                this.reset();
            };

            /**
             * Builds the protocol. This will first try to resolve all definitions and, if this has been successful,
             * return the built package.
             * @param {string=} path Specifies what to return. If omitted, the entire namespace will be returned.
             * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder.Message|Object.<string,*>}
             * @throws {Error} If a type could not be resolved
             * @expose
             */
            BuilderPrototype.build = function(path) {
                this.reset();
                if (!this.resolved)
                    this.resolveAll(),
                    this.resolved = true,
                    this.result = null; // Require re-build
                if (this.result == null) // (Re-)Build
                    this.result = this.ns.build();
                if (!path)
                    return this.result;
                else {
                    var part = path.split(".");
                    var ptr = this.result; // Build namespace pointer (no hasChild etc.)
                    for (var i=0; i<part.length; i++)
                        if (ptr[part[i]])
                            ptr = ptr[part[i]];
                        else {
                            ptr = null;
                            break;
                        }
                    return ptr;
                }
            };

            /**
             * Similar to {@link ProtoBuf.Builder#build}, but looks up the internal reflection descriptor.
             * @param {string=} path Specifies what to return. If omitted, the entire namespace wiil be returned.
             * @return {ProtoBuf.Reflect.T} Reflection descriptor or `null` if not found
             */
            BuilderPrototype.lookup = function(path) {
                return path ? this.ns.resolve(path) : this.ns;
            };

            /**
             * Returns a string representation of this object.
             * @return {string} String representation as of "Builder"
             * @expose
             */
            BuilderPrototype.toString = function() {
                return "Builder";
            };

            // Pseudo types documented in Reflect.js.
            // Exist for the sole purpose of being able to "... instanceof ProtoBuf.Builder.Message" etc.
            Builder.Message = function() {};
            Builder.Service = function() {};

            return Builder;

        })(ProtoBuf, ProtoBuf.Lang, ProtoBuf.Reflect);


        /**
         * Loads a .proto string and returns the Builder.
         * @param {string} proto .proto file contents
         * @param {(ProtoBuf.Builder|string|{root: string, file: string})=} builder Builder to append to. Will create a new one if omitted.
         * @param {(string|{root: string, file: string})=} filename The corresponding file name if known. Must be specified for imports.
         * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder} Builder to create new messages
         * @throws {Error} If the definition cannot be parsed or built
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.loadProto = function(proto, builder, filename) {
            if (typeof builder === 'string' || (builder && typeof builder["file"] === 'string' && typeof builder["root"] === 'string'))
                filename = builder,
                builder = undefined;
            return ProtoBuf.loadJson((new ProtoBuf.DotProto.Parser(proto)).parse(), builder, filename);
        };

        /**
         * Loads a .proto string and returns the Builder. This is an alias of {@link ProtoBuf.loadProto}.
         * @function
         * @param {string} proto .proto file contents
         * @param {(ProtoBuf.Builder|string)=} builder Builder to append to. Will create a new one if omitted.
         * @param {(string|{root: string, file: string})=} filename The corresponding file name if known. Must be specified for imports.
         * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder} Builder to create new messages
         * @throws {Error} If the definition cannot be parsed or built
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.protoFromString = ProtoBuf.loadProto; // Legacy

        /**
         * Loads a .proto file and returns the Builder.
         * @param {string|{root: string, file: string}} filename Path to proto file or an object specifying 'file' with
         *  an overridden 'root' path for all imported files.
         * @param {function(?Error, !ProtoBuf.Builder=)=} callback Callback that will receive `null` as the first and
         *  the Builder as its second argument on success, otherwise the error as its first argument. If omitted, the
         *  file will be read synchronously and this function will return the Builder.
         * @param {ProtoBuf.Builder=} builder Builder to append to. Will create a new one if omitted.
         * @return {?ProtoBuf.Builder|undefined} The Builder if synchronous (no callback specified, will be NULL if the
         *   request has failed), else undefined
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.loadProtoFile = function(filename, callback, builder) {
            if (callback && typeof callback === 'object')
                builder = callback,
                callback = null;
            else if (!callback || typeof callback !== 'function')
                callback = null;
            if (callback)
                return ProtoBuf.Util.fetch(typeof filename === 'string' ? filename : filename["root"]+"/"+filename["file"], function(contents) {
                    if (contents === null) {
                        callback(Error("Failed to fetch file"));
                        return;
                    }
                    try {
                        callback(null, ProtoBuf.loadProto(contents, builder, filename));
                    } catch (e) {
                        callback(e);
                    }
                });
            var contents = ProtoBuf.Util.fetch(typeof filename === 'object' ? filename["root"]+"/"+filename["file"] : filename);
            return contents === null ? null : ProtoBuf.loadProto(contents, builder, filename);
        };

        /**
         * Loads a .proto file and returns the Builder. This is an alias of {@link ProtoBuf.loadProtoFile}.
         * @function
         * @param {string|{root: string, file: string}} filename Path to proto file or an object specifying 'file' with
         *  an overridden 'root' path for all imported files.
         * @param {function(?Error, !ProtoBuf.Builder=)=} callback Callback that will receive `null` as the first and
         *  the Builder as its second argument on success, otherwise the error as its first argument. If omitted, the
         *  file will be read synchronously and this function will return the Builder.
         * @param {ProtoBuf.Builder=} builder Builder to append to. Will create a new one if omitted.
         * @return {!ProtoBuf.Builder|undefined} The Builder if synchronous (no callback specified, will be NULL if the
         *   request has failed), else undefined
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.protoFromFile = ProtoBuf.loadProtoFile; // Legacy


        /**
         * Constructs a new empty Builder.
         * @param {Object.<string,*>=} options Builder options, defaults to global options set on ProtoBuf
         * @return {!ProtoBuf.Builder} Builder
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.newBuilder = function(options) {
            options = options || {};
            if (typeof options['convertFieldsToCamelCase'] === 'undefined')
                options['convertFieldsToCamelCase'] = ProtoBuf.convertFieldsToCamelCase;
            if (typeof options['populateAccessors'] === 'undefined')
                options['populateAccessors'] = ProtoBuf.populateAccessors;
            return new ProtoBuf.Builder(options);
        };

        /**
         * Loads a .json definition and returns the Builder.
         * @param {!*|string} json JSON definition
         * @param {(ProtoBuf.Builder|string|{root: string, file: string})=} builder Builder to append to. Will create a new one if omitted.
         * @param {(string|{root: string, file: string})=} filename The corresponding file name if known. Must be specified for imports.
         * @return {ProtoBuf.Builder} Builder to create new messages
         * @throws {Error} If the definition cannot be parsed or built
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.loadJson = function(json, builder, filename) {
            if (typeof builder === 'string' || (builder && typeof builder["file"] === 'string' && typeof builder["root"] === 'string'))
                filename = builder,
                builder = null;
            if (!builder || typeof builder !== 'object')
                builder = ProtoBuf.newBuilder();
            if (typeof json === 'string')
                json = JSON.parse(json);
            builder["import"](json, filename);
            builder.resolveAll();
            builder.build();
            return builder;
        };

        /**
         * Loads a .json file and returns the Builder.
         * @param {string|!{root: string, file: string}} filename Path to json file or an object specifying 'file' with
         *  an overridden 'root' path for all imported files.
         * @param {function(?Error, !ProtoBuf.Builder=)=} callback Callback that will receive `null` as the first and
         *  the Builder as its second argument on success, otherwise the error as its first argument. If omitted, the
         *  file will be read synchronously and this function will return the Builder.
         * @param {ProtoBuf.Builder=} builder Builder to append to. Will create a new one if omitted.
         * @return {?ProtoBuf.Builder|undefined} The Builder if synchronous (no callback specified, will be NULL if the
         *   request has failed), else undefined
         * @expose
         */
        ProtoBuf.loadJsonFile = function(filename, callback, builder) {
            if (callback && typeof callback === 'object')
                builder = callback,
                callback = null;
            else if (!callback || typeof callback !== 'function')
                callback = null;
            if (callback)
                return ProtoBuf.Util.fetch(typeof filename === 'string' ? filename : filename["root"]+"/"+filename["file"], function(contents) {
                    if (contents === null) {
                        callback(Error("Failed to fetch file"));
                        return;
                    }
                    try {
                        callback(null, ProtoBuf.loadJson(JSON.parse(contents), builder, filename));
                    } catch (e) {
                        callback(e);
                    }
                });
            var contents = ProtoBuf.Util.fetch(typeof filename === 'object' ? filename["root"]+"/"+filename["file"] : filename);
            return contents === null ? null : ProtoBuf.loadJson(JSON.parse(contents), builder, filename);
        };

        return ProtoBuf;
    }

    /* CommonJS */ if (typeof require === 'function' && typeof module === 'object' && module && typeof exports === 'object' && exports)
        module['exports'] = init(require("bytebuffer"));
    /* AMD */ else if (typeof define === 'function' && define["amd"])
        define(["ByteBuffer"], init);
    /* Global */ else
        (global["dcodeIO"] = global["dcodeIO"] || {})["ProtoBuf"] = init(global["dcodeIO"]["ByteBuffer"]);

})(this);