393 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
393 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
A walkthrough of the basic features of git-annex.
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[[!toc]]
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## creating a repository
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This is very straightforward. Just tell it a description of the repository.
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# mkdir ~/annex
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# cd ~/annex
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# git init
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# git annex init "my laptop"
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## adding a remote
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Like any other git repository, git-annex repositories have remotes.
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Let's start by adding a USB drive as a remote.
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# sudo mount /media/usb
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# cd /media/usb
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# git clone ~/annex
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# cd annex
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# git annex init "portable USB drive"
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# git remote add laptop ~/annex
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# cd ~/annex
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# git remote add usbdrive /media/usb
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This is all standard ad-hoc distributed git repository setup.
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The only git-annex specific part is telling it the name
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of the new repository created on the USB drive.
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Notice that both repos are set up as remotes of one another. This lets
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either get annexed files from the other. You'll want to do that even
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if you are using git in a more centralized fashion.
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## adding files
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# cd ~/annex
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# cp /tmp/big_file .
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# cp /tmp/debian.iso .
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# git annex add .
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add big_file ok
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add debian.iso ok
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# git commit -a -m added
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When you add a file to the annex and commit it, only a symlink to
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the annexed content is committed. The content itself is stored in
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git-annex's backend.
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## renaming files
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# cd ~/annex
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# git mv big_file my_cool_big_file
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# mkdir iso
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# git mv debian.iso iso/
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# git commit -m moved
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You can use any normal git operations to move files around, or even
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make copies or delete them.
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Notice that, since annexed files are represented by symlinks,
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the symlink will break when the file is moved into a subdirectory.
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But, git-annex will fix this up for you when you commit --
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it has a pre-commit hook that watches for and corrects broken symlinks.
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## getting file content
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A repository does not always have all annexed file contents available.
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When you need the content of a file, you can use "git annex get" to
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make it available.
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We can use this to copy everything in the laptop's annex to the
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USB drive.
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# cd /media/usb/annex
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# git pull laptop master
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# git annex get .
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get my_cool_big_file (copying from laptop...) ok
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get iso/debian.iso (copying from laptop...) ok
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Notice that you had to git pull from laptop first, this lets git-annex know
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what has changed in laptop, and so it knows about the files present there and
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can get them.
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## transferring files: When things go wrong
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After a while, you'll have serveral annexes, with different file contents.
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You don't have to try to keep all that straight; git-annex does
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[[location_tracking]] for you. If you ask it to get a file and the drive
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or file server is not accessible, it will let you know what it needs to get
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it:
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# git annex get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov
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get video/_why_hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (not available)
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Unable to access these remotes: usbdrive, server
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Try making some of these repositories available:
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5863d8c0-d9a9-11df-adb2-af51e6559a49 -- my home file server
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58d84e8a-d9ae-11df-a1aa-ab9aa8c00826 -- portable USB drive
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ca20064c-dbb5-11df-b2fe-002170d25c55 -- backup SATA drive
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failed
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# sudo mount /media/usb
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# git annex get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov
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get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (copying from usbdrive...) ok
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# git commit -a -m "got a video I want to rewatch on the plane"
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## removing files
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You can always drop files safely. Git-annex checks that some other annex
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has the file before removing it.
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# git annex drop iso/debian.iso
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drop iso/Debian_5.0.iso ok
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# git commit -a -m "freed up space"
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## removing files: When things go wrong
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Before dropping a file, git-annex wants to be able to look at other
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remotes, and verify that they still have a file. After all, it could
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have been dropped from them too. If the remotes are not mounted/available,
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you'll see something like this.
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# git annex drop important_file other.iso
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drop important_file (unsafe)
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Could only verify the existence of 0 out of 1 necessary copies
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Unable to access these remotes: usbdrive
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Try making some of these repositories available:
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58d84e8a-d9ae-11df-a1aa-ab9aa8c00826 -- portable USB drive
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ca20064c-dbb5-11df-b2fe-002170d25c55 -- backup SATA drive
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(Use --force to override this check, or adjust annex.numcopies.)
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failed
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drop other.iso (unsafe)
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Could only verify the existence of 0 out of 1 necessary copies
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No other repository is known to contain the file.
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(Use --force to override this check, or adjust annex.numcopies.)
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failed
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Here you might --force it to drop `important_file` if you [[trust]] your backup.
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But `other.iso` looks to have never been copied to anywhere else, so if
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it's something you want to hold onto, you'd need to transfer it to
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some other repository before dropping it.
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## modifying annexed files
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Normally, the content of files in the annex is prevented from being modified.
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That's a good thing, because it might be the only copy, you wouldn't
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want to lose it in a fumblefingered mistake.
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# echo oops > my_cool_big_file
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bash: my_cool_big_file: Permission deined
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In order to modify a file, it should first be unlocked.
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# git annex unlock my_cool_big_file
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unlock my_cool_big_file (copying...) ok
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That replaces the symlink that normally points at its content with a copy
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of the content. You can then modify the file like any regular file. Because
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it is a regular file.
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(If you decide you don't need to modify the file after all, or want to discard
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modifications, just use `git annex lock`.)
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When you `git commit`, git-annex's pre-commit hook will automatically
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notice that you are committing an unlocked file, and add its new content
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to the annex. The file will be replaced with a symlink to the new content,
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and this symlink is what gets committed to git in the end.
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# echo "now smaller, but even cooler" > my_cool_big_file
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# git commit my_cool_big_file -m "changed an annexed file"
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add my_cool_big_file ok
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[master 64cda67] changed an annexed file
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2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
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create mode 100644 .git-annex/WORM:1289672605:30:file.log
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There is one problem with using `git commit` like this: Git wants to first
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stage the entire contents of the file in its index. That can be slow for
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big files (sorta why git-annex exists in the first place). So, the
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automatic handling on commit is a nice safety feature, since it prevents
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the file content being accidentially commited into git. But when working with
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big files, it's faster to explicitly add them to the annex yourself
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before committing.
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# echo "now smaller, but even cooler yet" > my_cool_big_file
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# git annex add my_cool_big_file
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add my_cool_big_file ok
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# git commit my_cool_big_file -m "changed an annexed file"
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## using ssh remotes
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So far in this walkthrough, git-annex has been used with a remote
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repository on a USB drive. But it can also be used with a git remote
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that is truely remote, a host accessed by ssh.
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Say you have a desktop on the same network as your laptop and want
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to clone the laptop's annex to it:
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# git clone ssh://mylaptop/home/me/annex ~/annex
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# cd ~/annex
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# git annex init "my desktop"
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Now you can get files and they will be transferred (using `rsync`):
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# git annex get my_cool_big_file
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get my_cool_big_file (getting UUID for origin...) (copying from origin...)
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WORM:1285650548:2159:my_cool_big_file 100% 2159 2.1KB/s 00:00
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ok
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When you drop files, git-annex will ssh over to the remote and make
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sure the file's content is still there before removing it locally:
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# git annex drop my_cool_big_file
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drop my_cool_big_file (checking origin..) ok
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Note that normally git-annex prefers to use non-ssh remotes, like
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a USB drive, before ssh remotes. They are assumed to be faster/cheaper to
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access, if available. There is a annex-cost setting you can configure in
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`.git/config` to adjust which repositories it prefers. See
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[[the_man_page|git-annex]] for details.
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Also, note that you need full shell access for this to work --
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git-annex needs to be able to ssh in and run commands.
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## moving file content between repositories
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Often you will want to move some file contents from a repository to some
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other one. For example, your laptop's disk is getting full; time to move
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some files to an external disk before moving another file from a file
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server to your laptop. Doing that by hand (by using `git annex get` and
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`git annex drop`) is possible, but a bit of a pain. `git annex move`
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makes it very easy.
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# git annex move my_cool_big_file --to usbdrive
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move my_cool_big_file (moving to usbdrive...) ok
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# git annex move video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov --from fileserver
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move video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (moving from fileserver...)
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WORM:1274316523:86050597:hackity_hack_and_kax 100% 82MB 199.1KB/s 07:02
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ok
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## using the URL backend
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git-annex has multiple key-value [[backends]]. So far this walkthrough has
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demonstrated the default, WORM (Write Once, Read Many) backend.
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Another handy backend is the URL backend, which can fetch file's content
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from remote URLs. Here's how to set up some files in your repository
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that use this backend:
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# git annex fromkey --backend=URL --key=http://www.archive.org/somefile somefile
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fromkey somefile ok
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# git commit -m "added a file from the Internet Archive"
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Now you if you ask git-annex to get that file, it will download it,
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and cache it locally.
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# git annex get somefile
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get somefile (downloading)
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#########################################################################100.0%
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ok
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You can always drop files downloaded by the URL backend. It is assumed
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that the URL is stable; no local backup is kept.
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# git annex drop somefile
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drop somefile (ok)
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## using the SHA1 backend
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Another handy alternative to the default [[backend|backends]] is the
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SHA1 backend. This backend provides more git-style assurance that your data
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has not been damanged. And the checksum means that when you add the same
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content to the annex twice, only one copy need be stored in the backend.
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The only reason it's not the default is that it needs to checksum
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files when they're added to the annex, and this can slow things down
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significantly for really big files. To make SHA1 the detault, just
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add something like this to `.gitattributes`:
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* annex.backend=SHA1
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## migrating data to a new backend
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Maybe you started out using the WORM backend, and have now configured
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git-annex to use SHA1. But files you added to the annex before still
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use the WORM backend. There is a simple command that can migrate that
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data:
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# git annex migrate my_cool_big_file
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migrate my_cool_big_file (checksum...) ok
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You can only migrate files whose content is currently available. Other
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files will be skipped.
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After migrating a file to a new backend, the old content in the old backend
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will still be present. That is necessary because multiple files
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can point to the same content. The `git annex unused` sucommand can be
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used to clear up that detritus later. Note that hard links are used,
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to avoid wasting disk space.
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## unused data
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It's possible for data to accumulate in the annex that no files point to
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anymore. One way it can happen is if you `git rm` a file without
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first calling `git annex drop`. And, when you modify an annexed file, the old
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content of the file remains in the annex. Another way is when migrating
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between backends.
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This might be historical data you want to preserve, so git-annex defaults to
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preserving it. So from time to time, you may want to check for such data and
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eliminate it to save space.
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# git annex unused
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unused (checking for unused data...)
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Some annexed data is no longer pointed to by any files in the repository.
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NUMBER KEY
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1 WORM:1289672605:3:file
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2 WORM:1289672605:14:file
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(To see where data was previously used, try: git log --stat -S'KEY')
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(To remove unwanted data: git-annex dropunused NUMBER)
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ok
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After running `git annex unused`, you can follow the instructions to examine
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the history of files that used the data, and if you decide you don't need that
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data anymore, you can easily remove it:
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# git annex dropunused 1
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dropunused 1 ok
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Hint: To drop a lot of unused data, use a command like this:
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# git annex dropunused `seq 1 1000`
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## fsck: verifying your data
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You can use the fsck subcommand to check for problems in your data.
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What can be checked depends on the [[backend|backends]] you've used to store
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the data. For example, when you use the SHA1 backend, fsck will verify that
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the checksums of your files are good. Fsck also checks that the annex.numcopies
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setting is satisfied for all files.
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# git annex fsck
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unused (checking for unused data...) ok
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fsck my_cool_big_file (checksum...) ok
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...
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You can also specifiy the files to check. This is particularly useful if
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you're using sha1 and don't want to spend a long time checksumming everything.
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# git annex fsck my_cool_big_file
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fsck my_cool_big_file (checksum...) ok
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## fsck: When things go wrong
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Fsck never deletes possibly bad data; instead it will be moved to
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`.git/annex/bad/` for you to recover. Here is a sample of what fsck
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might say about a badly messed up annex:
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# git annex fsck
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fsck my_cool_big_file (checksum...)
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git-annex: Bad file content; moved to .git/annex/bad/SHA1:7da006579dd64330eb2456001fd01948430572f2
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git-annex: ** No known copies of the file exist!
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failed
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fsck important_file
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git-annex: Only 1 of 2 copies exist. Run git annex get somewhere else to back it up.
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failed
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git-annex: 2 failed
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## backups
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git-annex can be configured to require more than one copy of a file exists,
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as a simple backup for your data. This is controled by the "annex.numcopies"
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setting, which defaults to 1 copy. Let's change that to require 2 copies,
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and send a copy of every file to a USB drive.
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# echo "* annex.numcopies=2" >> .gitattributes
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# git annex copy . --to usbdrive
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Now when we try to `git annex drop` a file, it will verify that it
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knows of 2 other repositories that have a copy before removing its
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content from the current repository.
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You can also vary the number of copies needed, depending on the file name.
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So, if you want 3 copies of all your flac files, but only 1 copy of oggs:
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# echo "*.ogg annex.numcopies=1" >> .gitattributes
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# echo "*.flac annex.numcopies=3" >> .gitattributes
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Or, you might want to make a directory for important stuff, and configure
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it so anything put in there is backed up more thoroughly:
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# mkdir important_stuff
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# echo "* annex.numcopies=3" > important_stuff/.gitattributes
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For more details about the numcopies setting, see [[copies]].
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