796 lines
26 KiB
Markdown
796 lines
26 KiB
Markdown
# NAME
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git-annex - manage files with git, without checking their contents in
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# SYNOPSIS
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git annex command [params ...]
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# DESCRIPTION
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git-annex allows managing files with git, without checking the file
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contents into git. While that may seem paradoxical, it is useful when
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dealing with files larger than git can currently easily handle, whether due
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to limitations in memory, checksumming time, or disk space.
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Even without file content tracking, being able to manage files with git,
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move files around and delete files with versioned directory trees, and use
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branches and distributed clones, are all very handy reasons to use git. And
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annexed files can co-exist in the same git repository with regularly
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versioned files, which is convenient for maintaining documents, Makefiles,
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etc that are associated with annexed files but that benefit from full
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revision control.
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When a file is annexed, its content is moved into a key-value store, and
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a symlink is made that points to the content. These symlinks are checked into
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git and versioned like regular files. You can move them around, delete
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them, and so on. Pushing to another git repository will make git-annex
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there aware of the annexed file, and it can be used to retrieve its
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content from the key-value store.
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# EXAMPLES
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# git annex get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov
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get video/_why_hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (not available)
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I was unable to access these remotes: server
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Try making some of these repositories available:
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5863d8c0-d9a9-11df-adb2-af51e6559a49 -- my home file server
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58d84e8a-d9ae-11df-a1aa-ab9aa8c00826 -- portable USB drive
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ca20064c-dbb5-11df-b2fe-002170d25c55 -- backup SATA drive
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failed
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# sudo mount /media/usb
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# git remote add usbdrive /media/usb
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# git annex get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov
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get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (from usbdrive...) ok
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# git annex add iso
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add iso/Debian_5.0.iso ok
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# git annex drop iso/Debian_4.0.iso
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drop iso/Debian_4.0.iso ok
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# git annex move iso --to=usbdrive
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move iso/Debian_5.0.iso (moving to usbdrive...) ok
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# COMMONLY USED COMMANDS
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Like many git commands, git-annex can be passed a path that
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is either a file or a directory. In the latter case it acts on all relevant
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files in the directory. When no path is specified, most git-annex commands
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default to acting on all relevant files in the current directory (and
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subdirectories).
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* add [path ...]
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Adds files in the path to the annex. Files that are already checked into
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git, or that git has been configured to ignore will be silently skipped.
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(Use --force to add ignored files.) Dotfiles are skipped unless explicitly
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listed.
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* get [path ...]
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Makes the content of annexed files available in this repository. This
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will involve copying them from another repository, or downloading them,
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or transferring them from some kind of key-value store.
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Normally git-annex will choose which repository to copy the content from,
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but you can override this using the --from option.
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* drop [path ...]
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Drops the content of annexed files from this repository.
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git-annex will refuse to drop content if it cannot verify it is
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safe to do so. This can be overridden with the --force switch.
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To drop content from a remote, specify --from.
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* move [path ...]
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When used with the --from option, moves the content of annexed files
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from the specified repository to the current one.
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When used with the --to option, moves the content of annexed files from
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the current repository to the specified one.
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* copy [path ...]
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When used with the --from option, copies the content of annexed files
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from the specified repository to the current one.
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When used with the --to option, copies the content of annexed files from
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the current repository to the specified one.
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To avoid contacting the remote to check if it has every file, specify --fast
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* unlock [path ...]
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Normally, the content of annexed files is protected from being changed.
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Unlocking a annexed file allows it to be modified. This replaces the
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symlink for each specified file with a copy of the file's content.
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You can then modify it and `git annex add` (or `git commit`) to inject
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it back into the annex.
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* edit [path ...]
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This is an alias for the unlock command. May be easier to remember,
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if you think of this as allowing you to edit an annexed file.
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* lock [path ...]
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Use this to undo an unlock command if you don't want to modify
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the files, or have made modifications you want to discard.
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* sync [remote ...]
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Use this command when you want to synchronize the local repository with
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one or more of its remotes. You can specifiy the remotes to sync with;
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the default is to sync with all remotes. Or specify --fast to sync with
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the remotes with the lowest annex-cost value.
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The sync process involves first committing all local changes (git commit -a),
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then fetching and merging the `synced/master` and the `git-annex` branch
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from the remote repositories and finally pushing the changes back to
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those branches on the remote repositories. You can use standard git
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commands to do each of those steps by hand, or if you don't want to
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worry about the details, you can use sync.
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Note that syncing with a remote will not update the remote's working
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tree with changes made to the local repository. However, those changes
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are pushed to the remote, so can be merged into its working tree
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by running "git annex sync" on the remote.
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Note that sync does not transfer any file contents from or to the remote
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repositories.
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* addurl [url ...]
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Downloads each url to its own file, which is added to the annex.
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To avoid immediately downloading the url, specify --fast.
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Normally the filename is based on the full url, so will look like
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"www.example.com_dir_subdir_bigfile". For a shorter filename, specify
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--pathdepth=N. For example, --pathdepth=1 will use "dir/subdir/bigfile",
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while --pathdepth=3 will use "bigfile". It can also be negative;
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--pathdepth=-2 will use the last two parts of the url.
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Or, to directly specify what file the url is added to, specify --file.
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This changes the behavior; now all the specified urls are recorded as
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alternate locations from which the file can be downloaded. In this mode,
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addurl can be used both to add new files, or to add urls to existing files.
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# REPOSITORY SETUP COMMANDS
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* init [description]
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Until a repository (or one of its remotes) has been initialized,
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git-annex will refuse to operate on it, to avoid accidentially
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using it in a repository that was not intended to have an annex.
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It's useful, but not mandatory, to initialize each new clone
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of a repository with its own description.
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* describe repository description
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Changes the description of a repository.
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The repository to describe can be specified by git remote name or
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by uuid. To change the description of the current repository, use
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"here".
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* initremote name [param=value ...]
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Sets up a special remote. The remote's
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configuration is specified by the parameters. If a remote
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with the specified name has already been configured, its configuration
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is modified by any values specified. In either case, the remote will be
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added to `.git/config`.
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Example Amazon S3 remote:
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initremote mys3 type=S3 encryption=none datacenter=EU
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* trust [repository ...]
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Records that a repository is trusted to not unexpectedly lose
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content. Use with care.
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To trust the current repository, use "here".
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* untrust [repository ...]
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Records that a repository is not trusted and could lose content
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at any time.
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* semitrust [repository ...]
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Returns a repository to the default semi trusted state.
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* dead [repository ...]
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Indicates that the repository has been irretrevably lost.
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(To undo, use semitrust.)
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# REPOSITORY MAINTENANCE COMMANDS
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* fsck [path ...]
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With no parameters, this command checks the whole annex for consistency,
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and warns about or fixes any problems found.
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With parameters, only the specified files are checked.
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To check a remote to fsck, specify --from.
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To avoid expensive checksum calculations (and expensive transfers when
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fscking a remote), specify --fast
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* unused
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Checks the annex for data that does not correspond to any files present
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in any tag or branch, and prints a numbered list of the data.
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To only show unused temp and bad files, specify --fast.
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To check for annexed data on a remote, specify --from.
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* dropunused [number|range ...]
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Drops the data corresponding to the numbers, as listed by the last
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`git annex unused`
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You can also specify ranges of numbers, such as "1-1000".
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To drop the data from a remote, specify --from.
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* addunused [number|range ...]
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Adds back files for the content corresponding to the numbers or ranges,
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as listed by the last `git annex unused`. The files will have names
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starting with "unused."
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* merge
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Automatically merges remote tracking branches */git-annex into
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the git-annex branch. While git-annex mostly handles keeping the
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git-annex branch merged automatically, if you find you are unable
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to push the git-annex branch due non-fast-forward, this will fix it.
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* fix [path ...]
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Fixes up symlinks that have become broken to again point to annexed content.
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This is useful to run if you have been moving the symlinks around,
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but is done automatically when committing a change with git too.
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* upgrade
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Upgrades the repository to current layout.
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# QUERY COMMANDS
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* version
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Shows the version of git-annex, as well as repository version information.
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* find [path ...]
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Outputs a list of annexed files in the specified path. With no path,
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finds files in the current directory and its subdirectories.
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By default, only lists annexed files whose content is currently present.
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This can be changed by specifying file matching options. To list all
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annexed files, present or not, specify --include "*". To list all
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annexed files whose content is not present, specify --not --in=here
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To output filenames terminated with nulls, for use with xargs -0,
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specify --print0. Or, a custom output formatting can be specified using
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--format. The default output format is the same as --format='${file}\\n'
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These variables are available for use in formats: file, key, backend,
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bytesize, humansize
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* whereis [path ...]
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Displays a list of repositories known to contain the content of the
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specified file or files.
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* log [path ...]
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Displays the location log for the specified file or files,
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showing each repository they were added to ("+") and removed from ("-").
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To limit how far back to seach for location log changes, the options
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--since, --after, --until, --before, and --max-count can be specified.
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They are passed through to git log. For example, --since "1 month ago"
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To generate output suitable for the gource visualisation program,
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specify --gource.
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* status
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Displays some statistics and other information, including how much data
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is in the annex and a list of all known repositories.
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To only show the data that can be gathered quickly, use --fast.
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* map
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Helps you keep track of your repositories, and the connections between them,
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by going out and looking at all the ones it can get to, and generating a
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Graphviz file displaying it all. If the `dot` command is available, it is
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used to display the file to your screen (using x11 backend). (To disable
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this display, specify --fast)
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This command only connects to hosts that the host it's run on can
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directly connect to. It does not try to tunnel through intermediate hosts.
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So it might not show all connections between the repositories in the network.
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Also, if connecting to a host requires a password, you might have to enter
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it several times as the map is being built.
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Note that this subcommand can be used to graph any git repository; it
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is not limited to git-annex repositories.
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# UTILITY COMMANDS
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* migrate [path ...]
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Changes the specified annexed files to use the default key-value backend
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(or the one specified with --backend). Only files whose content
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is currently available are migrated.
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Note that the content is also still available using the old key after
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migration. Use `git annex unused` to find and remove the old key.
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Normally, nothing will be done to files already using the new backend.
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However, if a backend changes the information it uses to construct a key,
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this can also be used to migrate files to use the new key format.
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* reinject src dest
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Moves the src file into the annex as the content of the dest file.
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This can be useful if you have obtained the content of a file from
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elsewhere and want to put it in the local annex.
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Automatically runs fsck on dest to check that the expected content was
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provided.
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Example:
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git annex reinject /tmp/foo.iso foo.iso
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* unannex [path ...]
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Use this to undo an accidental `git annex add` command. You can use
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`git annex unannex` to move content out of the annex at any point,
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even if you've already committed it.
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This is not the command you should use if you intentionally annexed a
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file and don't want its contents any more. In that case you should use
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`git annex drop` instead, and you can also `git rm` the file.
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In --fast mode, this command leaves content in the annex, simply making
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a hard link to it.
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* uninit
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Use this to stop using git annex. It will unannex every file in the
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repository, and remove all of git-annex's other data, leaving you with a
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git repository plus the previously annexed files.
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# PLUMBING COMMANDS
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* pre-commit [path ...]
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Fixes up symlinks that are staged as part of a commit, to ensure they
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point to annexed content. Also handles injecting changes to unlocked
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files into the annex.
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This is meant to be called from git's pre-commit hook. `git annex init`
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automatically creates a pre-commit hook using this.
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* fromkey key file
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This plumbing-level command can be used to manually set up a file
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in the git repository to link to a specified key.
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* dropkey [key ...]
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This plumbing-level command drops the annexed data for the specified
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keys from this repository.
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This can be used to drop content for arbitrary keys, which do not need
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to have a file in the git repository pointing at them.
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Example:
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git annex dropkey SHA1-s10-7da006579dd64330eb2456001fd01948430572f2
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* rekey [file key ...]
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This plumbing-level command is similar to migrate, but you specify
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both the file, and the new key to use for it.
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With --force, even files whose content is not currently available will
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be rekeyed. Use with caution.
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# OPTIONS
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* --force
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Force unsafe actions, such as dropping a file's content when no other
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source of it can be verified to still exist, or adding ignored files.
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Use with care.
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* --fast
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Enables less expensive, but also less thorough versions of some commands.
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What is avoided depends on the command.
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* --auto
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Enables automatic mode. Commands that get, drop, or move file contents
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will only do so when needed to help satisfy the setting of annex.numcopies.
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* --quiet
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Avoid the default verbose display of what is done; only show errors
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and progress displays.
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* --verbose
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Enable verbose display.
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* --json
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Rather than the normal output, generate JSON. This is intended to be
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parsed by programs that use git-annex. Each line of output is a JSON
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object.
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* --debug
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Show debug messages.
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* --from=repository
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Specifies a repository that content will be retrieved from, or that
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should otherwise be acted on.
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It should be specified using the name of a configured remote.
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* --to=repository
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Specifies a repository that content will be sent to.
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It should be specified using the name of a configured remote.
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* --numcopies=n
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Overrides the `annex.numcopies` setting, forcing git-annex to ensure the
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specified number of copies exist.
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* --trust=repository
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* --semitrust=repository
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* --untrust=repository
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Overrides trust settings for a repository. May be specified more than once.
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The repository should be specified using the name of a configured remote,
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or the UUID or description of a repository.
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* --backend=name
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Specifies which key-value backend to use. This can be used when
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adding a file to the annex, or migrating a file. Once files
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are in the annex, their backend is known and this option is not
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necessary.
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* --format=value
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Specifies a custom output format. The value is a format string,
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in which '${var}' is expanded to the value of a variable. To right-justify
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a variable with whitespace, use '${var;width}' ; to left-justify
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a variable, use '${var;-width}'; to escape unusual characters in a variable,
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use '${escaped_var}'
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Also, '\\n' is a newline, '\\000' is a NULL, etc.
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* -c name=value
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Used to override git configuration settings. May be specified multiple times.
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# FILE MATCHING OPTIONS
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These options can all be specified multiple times, and can be combined to
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limit which files git-annex acts on.
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Arbitrarily complicated expressions can be built using these options.
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For example:
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--exclude '*.mp3' --and --not -( --in=usbdrive --or --in=archive -)
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The above example prevents git-annex from working on mp3 files whose
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file contents are present at either of two repositories.
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* --exclude=glob
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Skips files matching the glob pattern. The glob is matched relative to
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the current directory. For example:
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--exclude='*.mp3' --exclude='subdir/*'
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* --include=glob
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Skips files not matching the glob pattern. (Same as --not --exclude.)
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For example, to include only mp3 and ogg files:
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--include='*.mp3' --or --include='*.ogg'
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* --in=repository
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Matches only files that git-annex believes have their contents present
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in a repository. Note that it does not check the repository to verify
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that it still has the content.
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The repository should be specified using the name of a configured remote,
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or the UUID or description of a repository. For the current repository,
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use --in=here
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* --copies=number
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Matches only files that git-annex believes to have the specified number
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of copies, or more. Note that it does not check remotes to verify that
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the copies still exist.
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* --inbackend=name
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Matches only files whose content is stored using the specified key-value
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backend.
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* --not
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Inverts the next file matching option. For example, to only act on
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|
mp3s, use: --not --exclude='*.mp3'
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* --and
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Requires that both the previous and the next file matching option matches.
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The default.
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* --or
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Requires that either the previous, or the next file matching option matches.
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* -(
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Opens a group of file matching options.
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* -)
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Closes a group of file matching options.
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# CONFIGURATION
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Like other git commands, git-annex is configured via `.git/config`.
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Here are all the supported configuration settings.
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* `annex.uuid`
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|
A unique UUID for this repository (automatically set).
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|
|
* `annex.numcopies`
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|
|
Number of copies of files to keep across all repositories. (default: 1)
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|
|
* `annex.backends`
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|
|
Space-separated list of names of the key-value backends to use.
|
|
The first listed is used to store new files by default.
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|
|
|
* `annex.diskreserve`
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|
|
Amount of disk space to reserve. Disk space is checked when transferring
|
|
content to avoid running out, and additional free space can be reserved
|
|
via this option, to make space for more important content (such as git
|
|
commit logs). Can be specified with any commonly used units, for example,
|
|
"0.5 gb" or "100 KiloBytes"
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|
|
|
The default reserve is 1 megabyte.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.queuesize`
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|
|
|
git-annex builds a queue of git commands, in order to combine similar
|
|
commands for speed. By default the size of the queue is limited to
|
|
10240 commands; this can be used to change the size. If you have plenty
|
|
of memory and are working with very large numbers of files, increasing
|
|
the queue size can speed it up.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.bloomcapacity`
|
|
|
|
The `git annex unused` command uses a bloom filter to determine
|
|
what data is no longer used. The default bloom filter is sized to handle
|
|
up to 500000 keys. If your repository is larger than that,
|
|
you can adjust this to avoid `git annex unused` not noticing some unused
|
|
data files. Increasing this will make `git-annex unused` consume more memory;
|
|
run `git annex status` for memory usage numbers.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.bloomaccuracy`
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|
|
|
Adjusts the accuracy of the bloom filter used by
|
|
`git annex unused`. The default accuracy is 1000 --
|
|
1 unused file out of 1000 will be missed by `git annex unused`. Increasing
|
|
the accuracy will make `git annex unused` consume more memory;
|
|
run `git annex status` for memory usage numbers.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.version`
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|
|
|
Automatically maintained, and used to automate upgrades between versions.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.sshcaching`
|
|
|
|
By default, git-annex caches ssh connections
|
|
(if built using a new enough ssh). To disable this, set to `false`.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.alwayscommit`
|
|
|
|
By default, git-annex automatically commits data to the git-annex branch
|
|
after each command is run. To disable these commits,
|
|
set to `false`. Then data will only be committed when
|
|
running `git annex merge` (or by automatic merges) or `git annex sync`.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-cost`
|
|
|
|
When determining which repository to
|
|
transfer annexed files from or to, ones with lower costs are preferred.
|
|
The default cost is 100 for local repositories, and 200 for remote
|
|
repositories.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-cost-command`
|
|
|
|
If set, the command is run, and the number it outputs is used as the cost.
|
|
This allows varying the cost based on eg, the current network. The
|
|
cost-command can be any shell command line.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-start-command`
|
|
|
|
A command to run when git-annex begins to use the remote. This can
|
|
be used to, for example, mount the directory containing the remote.
|
|
|
|
The command may be run repeatedly when multiple git-annex processes
|
|
are running concurrently.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-stop-command`
|
|
|
|
A command to run when git-annex is done using the remote.
|
|
|
|
The command will only be run once *all* running git-annex processes
|
|
are finished using the remote.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-ignore`
|
|
|
|
If set to `true`, prevents git-annex
|
|
from using this remote by default. (You can still request it be used
|
|
by the --from and --to options.)
|
|
|
|
This is, for example, useful if the remote is located somewhere
|
|
without git-annex-shell. (For example, if it's on GitHub).
|
|
Or, it could be used if the network connection between two
|
|
repositories is too slow to be used normally.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annexUrl`
|
|
|
|
Can be used to specify a different url than the regular `remote.<name>.url`
|
|
for git-annex to use when talking with the remote. Similar to the `pushUrl`
|
|
used by git-push.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-uuid`
|
|
|
|
git-annex caches UUIDs of remote repositories here.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-trustlevel`
|
|
|
|
Configures a local trust level for the remote. This overrides the value
|
|
configured by the trust and untrust commands. The value can be any of
|
|
"trusted", "semitrusted" or "untrusted".
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-ssh-options`
|
|
|
|
Options to use when using ssh to talk to this remote.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-rsync-options`
|
|
|
|
Options to use when using rsync
|
|
to or from this remote. For example, to force ipv6, and limit
|
|
the bandwidth to 100Kbyte/s, set it to "-6 --bwlimit 100"
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.annex-bup-split-options`
|
|
|
|
Options to pass to bup split when storing content in this remote.
|
|
For example, to limit the bandwidth to 100Kbye/s, set it to "--bwlimit 100k"
|
|
(There is no corresponding option for bup join.)
|
|
|
|
* `annex.ssh-options`, `annex.rsync-options`, `annex.bup-split-options`
|
|
|
|
Default ssh, rsync, wget/curl, and bup options to use if a remote does not
|
|
have specific options.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.web-options`
|
|
|
|
Options to use when using wget or curl to download a file from the web.
|
|
(wget is always used in preference to curl if available).
|
|
For example, to force ipv4 only, set it to "-4"
|
|
|
|
* `annex.http-headers`
|
|
|
|
HTTP headers to send when downloading from the web. Multiple lines of
|
|
this option can be set, one per header.
|
|
|
|
* `annex.http-headers-command`
|
|
|
|
If set, the command is run and each line of its output is used as a HTTP
|
|
header. This overrides annex.http-headers.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.rsyncurl`
|
|
|
|
Used by rsync special remotes, this configures
|
|
the location of the rsync repository to use. Normally this is automaticaly
|
|
set up by `git annex initremote`, but you can change it if needed.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.buprepo`
|
|
|
|
Used by bup special remotes, this configures
|
|
the location of the bup repository to use. Normally this is automaticaly
|
|
set up by `git annex initremote`, but you can change it if needed.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.directory`
|
|
|
|
Used by directory special remotes, this configures
|
|
the location of the directory where annexed files are stored for this
|
|
remote. Normally this is automaticaly set up by `git annex initremote`,
|
|
but you can change it if needed.
|
|
|
|
* `remote.<name>.s3`
|
|
|
|
Used to identify Amazon S3 special remotes.
|
|
Normally this is automaticaly set up by `git annex initremote`.
|
|
|
|
# CONFIGURATION VIA .gitattributes
|
|
|
|
The key-value backend used when adding a new file to the annex can be
|
|
configured on a per-file-type basis via `.gitattributes` files. In the file,
|
|
the `annex.backend` attribute can be set to the name of the backend to
|
|
use. For example, this here's how to use the WORM backend by default,
|
|
but the SHA1 backend for ogg files:
|
|
|
|
* annex.backend=WORM
|
|
*.ogg annex.backend=SHA1
|
|
|
|
The numcopies setting can also be configured on a per-file-type basis via
|
|
the `annex.numcopies` attribute in `.gitattributes` files.
|
|
For example, this makes two copies be needed for wav files:
|
|
|
|
*.wav annex.numcopies=2
|
|
|
|
# FILES
|
|
|
|
These files are used by git-annex, in your git repository:
|
|
|
|
`.git/annex/objects/` contains the annexed file contents that are currently
|
|
available. Annexed files in your git repository symlink to that content.
|
|
|
|
# SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
Most of git-annex's documentation is available on its web site,
|
|
<http://git-annex.branchable.com/>
|
|
|
|
If git-annex is installed from a package, a copy of its documentation
|
|
should be included, in, for example, `/usr/share/doc/git-annex/`
|
|
|
|
# AUTHOR
|
|
|
|
Joey Hess <joey@kitenet.net>
|
|
|
|
<http://git-annex.branchable.com/>
|
|
|
|
Warning: Automatically converted into a man page by mdwn2man. Edit with care
|