The "backend" in git-annex specifies how a key is generated from a file's
content and/or filesystem metadata. Most backends are different kinds of
hashes. A single repository can use different backends for different files.
The [[key|internals/key_format]] includes the backend that is used for that
key.

## configuring which backend to use

The `annex.backend` git-config setting can be used to configure the
default backend to use when adding new files.

For finer control of what backend is used when adding different types of
files, the `.gitattributes` file can be used. The `annex.backend`
attribute can be set to the name of the backend to use for matching files.

For example, to use the SHA256E backend for sound files, which tend to be
smallish and might be modified or copied over time,
while using the WORM backend for everything else, you could set
in `.gitattributes`:

	* annex.backend=WORM
	*.mp3 annex.backend=SHA256E
	*.ogg annex.backend=SHA256E

## recommended backends to use

* `SHA256E` -- The default backend for new files, combines a 256 bit SHA-2
  hash of the file's content with the file's extension. This allows
  verifying that the file content is right, and can avoid duplicates of
  files with the same content. Its need to generate checksums
  can make it slower for large files. 
* `SHA256` -- SHA-2 hash that does not include the file extension in the
  key, which can lead to better deduplication but can confuse some programs.
* `SHA512`, `SHA512E` -- Best SHA-2 hash, for the very paranoid.
* `SHA384`, `SHA384E`, `SHA224`, `SHA224E` -- SHA-2 hashes for
  people who like unusual sizes.
* `SHA3_512`, `SHA3_512E`, `SHA3_384`, `SHA3_384E`, `SHA3_256`, `SHA3_256E`, `SHA3_224`, `SHA3_224E`
  -- SHA-3 hashes, for bleeding edge fun.
* `SKEIN512`, `SKEIN512E`, `SKEIN256`, `SKEIN256E`
  -- [Skein hash](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skein_hash),
  a well-regarded SHA3 hash competition finalist.
* `BLAKE2B160`, `BLAKE2B224`, `BLAKE2B256`, `BLAKE2B384`, `BLAKE2B512`
  `BLAKE2B160E`, `BLAKE2B224E`, `BLAKE2B256E`, `BLAKE2B384E`, `BLAKE2B512E`
  -- Fast [Blake2 hash](https://blake2.net/) variants optimised for 64 bit
  platforms.
* `BLAKE2S160`, `BLAKE2S224`, `BLAKE2S256`
  `BLAKE2S160E`, `BLAKE2S224E`, `BLAKE2S256E`
  -- Fast [Blake2 hash](https://blake2.net/) variants optimised for 32 bit
  platforms.
* `BLAKE2BP512`, `BLAKE2BP512E`
  -- Fast [Blake2 hash](https://blake2.net/) variants optimised for
  4-way CPUs.
* `BLAKE2SP224`, `BLAKE2SP256`
  `BLAKE2SP224E`, `BLAKE2SP256E`
  -- Fast [Blake2 hash](https://blake2.net/) variants optimised for 
  8-way CPUs.
  `VURL` -- This is like an `URL` (see below) but the content can
  be verified with a cryptographically secure checksum that is
  recorded in the git-annex branch. It's generated when using 
  eg `git-annex addurl --fast --verifiable`.

## non-cryptograpgically secure backends

The backends below do not guarantee cryptographically that the
content of an annexed file remains unchanged.

* `SHA1`, `SHA1E`, `MD5`, `MD5E` -- Smaller hashes than `SHA256`
   for those who want a checksum but are not concerned about security.
* `WORM` ("Write Once, Read Many") -- This assumes that any file with
  the same filename, size, and modification time has the same content.
  This is the least expensive backend, recommended for really large
  files or slow systems.
* `URL` -- This is a key that is generated from the url to a file.
  It's generated when using eg, `git annex addurl --fast`, when the file
  content is not available for hashing.  
  The key may not contain the full URL; for long URLs, part of the URL may be
  represented by a checksum.  
  The URL key may contain `&` characters; be sure to quote the key if
  passing it to a shell script. These types of keys are distinct from URLs/URIs
  that may be attached to a key (using any backend) indicating the key's location
  on the web or in one of [[special_remotes]].

## external backends

While most backends are built into git-annex, it also supports external
backends. These are programs with names like `git-annex-backend-XFOO`,
which can be provided by others. See [[design/external_backend_protocol]]
for details about how to write them.

Here's a list of external backends. Edit this page to add yours to the list.

* [[design/external_backend_protocol/git-annex-backend-XFOO]]
  is a demo program implementing the protocol with a shell script.

Like with git-annex's builtin backends, you can add "E" to the end of the
name of an external backend, to get a version that includes the file
extension in the key.

## internal use backends

Keys using these backends can sometimes be visible, but they are used by
git-annex for its own purposes, and not for your annexed files.

* `GIT` -- This is used internally by git-annex when exporting trees
  containing files stored in git, rather than git-annex. It represents a
  git sha. This is never used for git-annex links, but information about
  keys of this type is stored in the git-annex branch.
* `GITBUNDLE` and `GITMANIFEST` -- Used by [[git-remote-annex]] to store
  a git repository in a special remote. See 
  [[this_page|internals/git-remote-annex]] for details about these.

## notes

If you want to be able to prove that you're working with the same file
contents that were checked into a repository earlier, you should avoid
using non-cryptographically-secure backends, and will need to use
signed git commits. See [[tips/using_signed_git_commits]] for details.

Retrieval of WORM and URL from many [[special_remotes]] is prohibited
for [[security_reasons|security/CVE-2018-10857_and_CVE-2018-10859]].

Note that the various 512 and 384 length hashes result in long paths,
which are known to not work on Windows. If interoperability on Windows is a
concern, avoid those.