refactor: prevent consistent early exception (#24191)

* refactor: prevent consistent early exception

* Use _linkedBinding where possible

* Remove dead electronBinding

lib/common/api/clipboard.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-const clipboard = process.electronBinding('clipboard');
+const clipboard = process._linkedBinding('electron_common_clipboard');
 
 if (process.type === 'renderer') {
   const ipcRendererUtils = require('@electron/internal/renderer/ipc-renderer-internal-utils');

lib/common/api/native-image.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-const { nativeImage } = process.electronBinding('native_image');
+const { nativeImage } = process._linkedBinding('electron_common_native_image');
 
 export default nativeImage;

lib/common/api/shell.ts

@@ -1 +1 @@
-export default process.electronBinding('shell');
+export default process._linkedBinding('electron_common_shell');